add read me

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sympy/physics/optics/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+__all__ = [
+    'TWave',
+
+    'RayTransferMatrix', 'FreeSpace', 'FlatRefraction', 'CurvedRefraction',
+    'FlatMirror', 'CurvedMirror', 'ThinLens', 'GeometricRay', 'BeamParameter',
+    'waist2rayleigh', 'rayleigh2waist', 'geometric_conj_ab',
+    'geometric_conj_af', 'geometric_conj_bf', 'gaussian_conj',
+    'conjugate_gauss_beams',
+
+    'Medium',
+
+    'refraction_angle', 'deviation', 'fresnel_coefficients', 'brewster_angle',
+    'critical_angle', 'lens_makers_formula', 'mirror_formula', 'lens_formula',
+    'hyperfocal_distance', 'transverse_magnification',
+
+    'jones_vector', 'stokes_vector', 'jones_2_stokes', 'linear_polarizer',
+    'phase_retarder', 'half_wave_retarder', 'quarter_wave_retarder',
+    'transmissive_filter', 'reflective_filter', 'mueller_matrix',
+    'polarizing_beam_splitter',
+]
+from .waves import TWave
+
+from .gaussopt import (RayTransferMatrix, FreeSpace, FlatRefraction,
+        CurvedRefraction, FlatMirror, CurvedMirror, ThinLens, GeometricRay,
+        BeamParameter, waist2rayleigh, rayleigh2waist, geometric_conj_ab,
+        geometric_conj_af, geometric_conj_bf, gaussian_conj,
+        conjugate_gauss_beams)
+
+from .medium import Medium
+
+from .utils import (refraction_angle, deviation, fresnel_coefficients,
+        brewster_angle, critical_angle, lens_makers_formula, mirror_formula,
+        lens_formula, hyperfocal_distance, transverse_magnification)
+
+from .polarization import (jones_vector, stokes_vector, jones_2_stokes,
+        linear_polarizer, phase_retarder, half_wave_retarder,
+        quarter_wave_retarder, transmissive_filter, reflective_filter,
+        mueller_matrix, polarizing_beam_splitter)

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sympy/physics/optics/gaussopt.py

@@ -0,0 +1,923 @@
+"""
+Gaussian optics.
+
+The module implements:
+
+- Ray transfer matrices for geometrical and gaussian optics.
+
+  See RayTransferMatrix, GeometricRay and BeamParameter
+
+- Conjugation relations for geometrical and gaussian optics.
+
+  See geometric_conj*, gauss_conj and conjugate_gauss_beams
+
+The conventions for the distances are as follows:
+
+focal distance
+    positive for convergent lenses
+object distance
+    positive for real objects
+image distance
+    positive for real images
+"""
+
+__all__ = [
+    'RayTransferMatrix',
+    'FreeSpace',
+    'FlatRefraction',
+    'CurvedRefraction',
+    'FlatMirror',
+    'CurvedMirror',
+    'ThinLens',
+    'GeometricRay',
+    'BeamParameter',
+    'waist2rayleigh',
+    'rayleigh2waist',
+    'geometric_conj_ab',
+    'geometric_conj_af',
+    'geometric_conj_bf',
+    'gaussian_conj',
+    'conjugate_gauss_beams',
+]
+
+
+from sympy.core.expr import Expr
+from sympy.core.numbers import (I, pi)
+from sympy.core.sympify import sympify
+from sympy.functions.elementary.complexes import (im, re)
+from sympy.functions.elementary.miscellaneous import sqrt
+from sympy.functions.elementary.trigonometric import atan2
+from sympy.matrices.dense import Matrix, MutableDenseMatrix
+from sympy.polys.rationaltools import together
+from sympy.utilities.misc import filldedent
+
+###
+# A, B, C, D matrices
+###
+
+
+class RayTransferMatrix(MutableDenseMatrix):
+    """
+    Base class for a Ray Transfer Matrix.
+
+    It should be used if there is not already a more specific subclass mentioned
+    in See Also.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    parameters :
+        A, B, C and D or 2x2 matrix (Matrix(2, 2, [A, B, C, D]))
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics import RayTransferMatrix, ThinLens
+    >>> from sympy import Symbol, Matrix
+
+    >>> mat = RayTransferMatrix(1, 2, 3, 4)
+    >>> mat
+    Matrix([
+    [1, 2],
+    [3, 4]])
+
+    >>> RayTransferMatrix(Matrix([[1, 2], [3, 4]]))
+    Matrix([
+    [1, 2],
+    [3, 4]])
+
+    >>> mat.A
+    1
+
+    >>> f = Symbol('f')
+    >>> lens = ThinLens(f)
+    >>> lens
+    Matrix([
+    [   1, 0],
+    [-1/f, 1]])
+
+    >>> lens.C
+    -1/f
+
+    See Also
+    ========
+
+    GeometricRay, BeamParameter,
+    FreeSpace, FlatRefraction, CurvedRefraction,
+    FlatMirror, CurvedMirror, ThinLens
+
+    References
+    ==========
+
+    .. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_transfer_matrix_analysis
+    """
+
+    def __new__(cls, *args):
+
+        if len(args) == 4:
+            temp = ((args[0], args[1]), (args[2], args[3]))
+        elif len(args) == 1 \
+            and isinstance(args[0], Matrix) \
+                and args[0].shape == (2, 2):
+            temp = args[0]
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(filldedent('''
+                Expecting 2x2 Matrix or the 4 elements of
+                the Matrix but got %s''' % str(args)))
+        return Matrix.__new__(cls, temp)
+
+    def __mul__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, RayTransferMatrix):
+            return RayTransferMatrix(Matrix(self)*Matrix(other))
+        elif isinstance(other, GeometricRay):
+            return GeometricRay(Matrix(self)*Matrix(other))
+        elif isinstance(other, BeamParameter):
+            temp = Matrix(self)*Matrix(((other.q,), (1,)))
+            q = (temp[0]/temp[1]).expand(complex=True)
+            return BeamParameter(other.wavelen,
+                                 together(re(q)),
+                                 z_r=together(im(q)))
+        else:
+            return Matrix.__mul__(self, other)
+
+    @property
+    def A(self):
+        """
+        The A parameter of the Matrix.
+
+        Examples
+        ========
+
+        >>> from sympy.physics.optics import RayTransferMatrix
+        >>> mat = RayTransferMatrix(1, 2, 3, 4)
+        >>> mat.A
+        1
+        """
+        return self[0, 0]
+
+    @property
+    def B(self):
+        """
+        The B parameter of the Matrix.
+
+        Examples
+        ========
+
+        >>> from sympy.physics.optics import RayTransferMatrix
+        >>> mat = RayTransferMatrix(1, 2, 3, 4)
+        >>> mat.B
+        2
+        """
+        return self[0, 1]
+
+    @property
+    def C(self):
+        """
+        The C parameter of the Matrix.
+
+        Examples
+        ========
+
+        >>> from sympy.physics.optics import RayTransferMatrix
+        >>> mat = RayTransferMatrix(1, 2, 3, 4)
+        >>> mat.C
+        3
+        """
+        return self[1, 0]
+
+    @property
+    def D(self):
+        """
+        The D parameter of the Matrix.
+
+        Examples
+        ========
+
+        >>> from sympy.physics.optics import RayTransferMatrix
+        >>> mat = RayTransferMatrix(1, 2, 3, 4)
+        >>> mat.D
+        4
+        """
+        return self[1, 1]
+
+
+class FreeSpace(RayTransferMatrix):
+    """
+    Ray Transfer Matrix for free space.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    distance
+
+    See Also
+    ========
+
+    RayTransferMatrix
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics import FreeSpace
+    >>> from sympy import symbols
+    >>> d = symbols('d')
+    >>> FreeSpace(d)
+    Matrix([
+    [1, d],
+    [0, 1]])
+    """
+    def __new__(cls, d):
+        return RayTransferMatrix.__new__(cls, 1, d, 0, 1)
+
+
+class FlatRefraction(RayTransferMatrix):
+    """
+    Ray Transfer Matrix for refraction.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    n1 :
+        Refractive index of one medium.
+    n2 :
+        Refractive index of other medium.
+
+    See Also
+    ========
+
+    RayTransferMatrix
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics import FlatRefraction
+    >>> from sympy import symbols
+    >>> n1, n2 = symbols('n1 n2')
+    >>> FlatRefraction(n1, n2)
+    Matrix([
+    [1,     0],
+    [0, n1/n2]])
+    """
+    def __new__(cls, n1, n2):
+        n1, n2 = map(sympify, (n1, n2))
+        return RayTransferMatrix.__new__(cls, 1, 0, 0, n1/n2)
+
+
+class CurvedRefraction(RayTransferMatrix):
+    """
+    Ray Transfer Matrix for refraction on curved interface.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    R :
+        Radius of curvature (positive for concave).
+    n1 :
+        Refractive index of one medium.
+    n2 :
+        Refractive index of other medium.
+
+    See Also
+    ========
+
+    RayTransferMatrix
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics import CurvedRefraction
+    >>> from sympy import symbols
+    >>> R, n1, n2 = symbols('R n1 n2')
+    >>> CurvedRefraction(R, n1, n2)
+    Matrix([
+    [               1,     0],
+    [(n1 - n2)/(R*n2), n1/n2]])
+    """
+    def __new__(cls, R, n1, n2):
+        R, n1, n2 = map(sympify, (R, n1, n2))
+        return RayTransferMatrix.__new__(cls, 1, 0, (n1 - n2)/R/n2, n1/n2)
+
+
+class FlatMirror(RayTransferMatrix):
+    """
+    Ray Transfer Matrix for reflection.
+
+    See Also
+    ========
+
+    RayTransferMatrix
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics import FlatMirror
+    >>> FlatMirror()
+    Matrix([
+    [1, 0],
+    [0, 1]])
+    """
+    def __new__(cls):
+        return RayTransferMatrix.__new__(cls, 1, 0, 0, 1)
+
+
+class CurvedMirror(RayTransferMatrix):
+    """
+    Ray Transfer Matrix for reflection from curved surface.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    R : radius of curvature (positive for concave)
+
+    See Also
+    ========
+
+    RayTransferMatrix
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics import CurvedMirror
+    >>> from sympy import symbols
+    >>> R = symbols('R')
+    >>> CurvedMirror(R)
+    Matrix([
+    [   1, 0],
+    [-2/R, 1]])
+    """
+    def __new__(cls, R):
+        R = sympify(R)
+        return RayTransferMatrix.__new__(cls, 1, 0, -2/R, 1)
+
+
+class ThinLens(RayTransferMatrix):
+    """
+    Ray Transfer Matrix for a thin lens.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    f :
+        The focal distance.
+
+    See Also
+    ========
+
+    RayTransferMatrix
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics import ThinLens
+    >>> from sympy import symbols
+    >>> f = symbols('f')
+    >>> ThinLens(f)
+    Matrix([
+    [   1, 0],
+    [-1/f, 1]])
+    """
+    def __new__(cls, f):
+        f = sympify(f)
+        return RayTransferMatrix.__new__(cls, 1, 0, -1/f, 1)
+
+
+###
+# Representation for geometric ray
+###
+
+class GeometricRay(MutableDenseMatrix):
+    """
+    Representation for a geometric ray in the Ray Transfer Matrix formalism.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    h : height, and
+    angle : angle, or
+    matrix : a 2x1 matrix (Matrix(2, 1, [height, angle]))
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics import GeometricRay, FreeSpace
+    >>> from sympy import symbols, Matrix
+    >>> d, h, angle = symbols('d, h, angle')
+
+    >>> GeometricRay(h, angle)
+    Matrix([
+    [    h],
+    [angle]])
+
+    >>> FreeSpace(d)*GeometricRay(h, angle)
+    Matrix([
+    [angle*d + h],
+    [      angle]])
+
+    >>> GeometricRay( Matrix( ((h,), (angle,)) ) )
+    Matrix([
+    [    h],
+    [angle]])
+
+    See Also
+    ========
+
+    RayTransferMatrix
+
+    """
+
+    def __new__(cls, *args):
+        if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], Matrix) \
+                and args[0].shape == (2, 1):
+            temp = args[0]
+        elif len(args) == 2:
+            temp = ((args[0],), (args[1],))
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(filldedent('''
+                Expecting 2x1 Matrix or the 2 elements of
+                the Matrix but got %s''' % str(args)))
+        return Matrix.__new__(cls, temp)
+
+    @property
+    def height(self):
+        """
+        The distance from the optical axis.
+
+        Examples
+        ========
+
+        >>> from sympy.physics.optics import GeometricRay
+        >>> from sympy import symbols
+        >>> h, angle = symbols('h, angle')
+        >>> gRay = GeometricRay(h, angle)
+        >>> gRay.height
+        h
+        """
+        return self[0]
+
+    @property
+    def angle(self):
+        """
+        The angle with the optical axis.
+
+        Examples
+        ========
+
+        >>> from sympy.physics.optics import GeometricRay
+        >>> from sympy import symbols
+        >>> h, angle = symbols('h, angle')
+        >>> gRay = GeometricRay(h, angle)
+        >>> gRay.angle
+        angle
+        """
+        return self[1]
+
+
+###
+# Representation for gauss beam
+###
+
+class BeamParameter(Expr):
+    """
+    Representation for a gaussian ray in the Ray Transfer Matrix formalism.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    wavelen : the wavelength,
+    z : the distance to waist, and
+    w : the waist, or
+    z_r : the rayleigh range.
+    n : the refractive index of medium.
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics import BeamParameter
+    >>> p = BeamParameter(530e-9, 1, w=1e-3)
+    >>> p.q
+    1 + 1.88679245283019*I*pi
+
+    >>> p.q.n()
+    1.0 + 5.92753330865999*I
+    >>> p.w_0.n()
+    0.00100000000000000
+    >>> p.z_r.n()
+    5.92753330865999
+
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics import FreeSpace
+    >>> fs = FreeSpace(10)
+    >>> p1 = fs*p
+    >>> p.w.n()
+    0.00101413072159615
+    >>> p1.w.n()
+    0.00210803120913829
+
+    See Also
+    ========
+
+    RayTransferMatrix
+
+    References
+    ==========
+
+    .. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_beam_parameter
+    .. [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_beam
+    """
+    #TODO A class Complex may be implemented. The BeamParameter may
+    # subclass it. See:
+    # https://groups.google.com/d/topic/sympy/7XkU07NRBEs/discussion
+
+    def __new__(cls, wavelen, z, z_r=None, w=None, n=1):
+        wavelen = sympify(wavelen)
+        z = sympify(z)
+        n = sympify(n)
+
+        if z_r is not None and w is None:
+            z_r = sympify(z_r)
+        elif w is not None and z_r is None:
+            z_r = waist2rayleigh(sympify(w), wavelen, n)
+        elif z_r is None and w is None:
+            raise ValueError('Must specify one of w and z_r.')
+
+        return Expr.__new__(cls, wavelen, z, z_r, n)
+
+    @property
+    def wavelen(self):
+        return self.args[0]
+
+    @property
+    def z(self):
+        return self.args[1]
+
+    @property
+    def z_r(self):
+        return self.args[2]
+
+    @property
+    def n(self):
+        return self.args[3]
+
+    @property
+    def q(self):
+        """
+        The complex parameter representing the beam.
+
+        Examples
+        ========
+
+        >>> from sympy.physics.optics import BeamParameter
+        >>> p = BeamParameter(530e-9, 1, w=1e-3)
+        >>> p.q
+        1 + 1.88679245283019*I*pi
+        """
+        return self.z + I*self.z_r
+
+    @property
+    def radius(self):
+        """
+        The radius of curvature of the phase front.
+
+        Examples
+        ========
+
+        >>> from sympy.physics.optics import BeamParameter
+        >>> p = BeamParameter(530e-9, 1, w=1e-3)
+        >>> p.radius
+        1 + 3.55998576005696*pi**2
+        """
+        return self.z*(1 + (self.z_r/self.z)**2)
+
+    @property
+    def w(self):
+        """
+        The radius of the beam w(z), at any position z along the beam.
+        The beam radius at `1/e^2` intensity (axial value).
+
+        See Also
+        ========
+
+        w_0 :
+            The minimal radius of beam.
+
+        Examples
+        ========
+
+        >>> from sympy.physics.optics import BeamParameter
+        >>> p = BeamParameter(530e-9, 1, w=1e-3)
+        >>> p.w
+        0.001*sqrt(0.2809/pi**2 + 1)
+        """
+        return self.w_0*sqrt(1 + (self.z/self.z_r)**2)
+
+    @property
+    def w_0(self):
+        """
+         The minimal radius of beam at `1/e^2` intensity (peak value).
+
+        See Also
+        ========
+
+        w : the beam radius at `1/e^2` intensity (axial value).
+
+        Examples
+        ========
+
+        >>> from sympy.physics.optics import BeamParameter
+        >>> p = BeamParameter(530e-9, 1, w=1e-3)
+        >>> p.w_0
+        0.00100000000000000
+        """
+        return sqrt(self.z_r/(pi*self.n)*self.wavelen)
+
+    @property
+    def divergence(self):
+        """
+        Half of the total angular spread.
+
+        Examples
+        ========
+
+        >>> from sympy.physics.optics import BeamParameter
+        >>> p = BeamParameter(530e-9, 1, w=1e-3)
+        >>> p.divergence
+        0.00053/pi
+        """
+        return self.wavelen/pi/self.w_0
+
+    @property
+    def gouy(self):
+        """
+        The Gouy phase.
+
+        Examples
+        ========
+
+        >>> from sympy.physics.optics import BeamParameter
+        >>> p = BeamParameter(530e-9, 1, w=1e-3)
+        >>> p.gouy
+        atan(0.53/pi)
+        """
+        return atan2(self.z, self.z_r)
+
+    @property
+    def waist_approximation_limit(self):
+        """
+        The minimal waist for which the gauss beam approximation is valid.
+
+        Explanation
+        ===========
+
+        The gauss beam is a solution to the paraxial equation. For curvatures
+        that are too great it is not a valid approximation.
+
+        Examples
+        ========
+
+        >>> from sympy.physics.optics import BeamParameter
+        >>> p = BeamParameter(530e-9, 1, w=1e-3)
+        >>> p.waist_approximation_limit
+        1.06e-6/pi
+        """
+        return 2*self.wavelen/pi
+
+
+###
+# Utilities
+###
+
+def waist2rayleigh(w, wavelen, n=1):
+    """
+    Calculate the rayleigh range from the waist of a gaussian beam.
+
+    See Also
+    ========
+
+    rayleigh2waist, BeamParameter
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics import waist2rayleigh
+    >>> from sympy import symbols
+    >>> w, wavelen = symbols('w wavelen')
+    >>> waist2rayleigh(w, wavelen)
+    pi*w**2/wavelen
+    """
+    w, wavelen = map(sympify, (w, wavelen))
+    return w**2*n*pi/wavelen
+
+
+def rayleigh2waist(z_r, wavelen):
+    """Calculate the waist from the rayleigh range of a gaussian beam.
+
+    See Also
+    ========
+
+    waist2rayleigh, BeamParameter
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics import rayleigh2waist
+    >>> from sympy import symbols
+    >>> z_r, wavelen = symbols('z_r wavelen')
+    >>> rayleigh2waist(z_r, wavelen)
+    sqrt(wavelen*z_r)/sqrt(pi)
+    """
+    z_r, wavelen = map(sympify, (z_r, wavelen))
+    return sqrt(z_r/pi*wavelen)
+
+
+def geometric_conj_ab(a, b):
+    """
+    Conjugation relation for geometrical beams under paraxial conditions.
+
+    Explanation
+    ===========
+
+    Takes the distances to the optical element and returns the needed
+    focal distance.
+
+    See Also
+    ========
+
+    geometric_conj_af, geometric_conj_bf
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics import geometric_conj_ab
+    >>> from sympy import symbols
+    >>> a, b = symbols('a b')
+    >>> geometric_conj_ab(a, b)
+    a*b/(a + b)
+    """
+    a, b = map(sympify, (a, b))
+    if a.is_infinite or b.is_infinite:
+        return a if b.is_infinite else b
+    else:
+        return a*b/(a + b)
+
+
+def geometric_conj_af(a, f):
+    """
+    Conjugation relation for geometrical beams under paraxial conditions.
+
+    Explanation
+    ===========
+
+    Takes the object distance (for geometric_conj_af) or the image distance
+    (for geometric_conj_bf) to the optical element and the focal distance.
+    Then it returns the other distance needed for conjugation.
+
+    See Also
+    ========
+
+    geometric_conj_ab
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics.gaussopt import geometric_conj_af, geometric_conj_bf
+    >>> from sympy import symbols
+    >>> a, b, f = symbols('a b f')
+    >>> geometric_conj_af(a, f)
+    a*f/(a - f)
+    >>> geometric_conj_bf(b, f)
+    b*f/(b - f)
+    """
+    a, f = map(sympify, (a, f))
+    return -geometric_conj_ab(a, -f)
+
+geometric_conj_bf = geometric_conj_af
+
+
+def gaussian_conj(s_in, z_r_in, f):
+    """
+    Conjugation relation for gaussian beams.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    s_in :
+        The distance to optical element from the waist.
+    z_r_in :
+        The rayleigh range of the incident beam.
+    f :
+        The focal length of the optical element.
+
+    Returns
+    =======
+
+    a tuple containing (s_out, z_r_out, m)
+    s_out :
+        The distance between the new waist and the optical element.
+    z_r_out :
+        The rayleigh range of the emergent beam.
+    m :
+        The ration between the new and the old waists.
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics import gaussian_conj
+    >>> from sympy import symbols
+    >>> s_in, z_r_in, f = symbols('s_in z_r_in f')
+
+    >>> gaussian_conj(s_in, z_r_in, f)[0]
+    1/(-1/(s_in + z_r_in**2/(-f + s_in)) + 1/f)
+
+    >>> gaussian_conj(s_in, z_r_in, f)[1]
+    z_r_in/(1 - s_in**2/f**2 + z_r_in**2/f**2)
+
+    >>> gaussian_conj(s_in, z_r_in, f)[2]
+    1/sqrt(1 - s_in**2/f**2 + z_r_in**2/f**2)
+    """
+    s_in, z_r_in, f = map(sympify, (s_in, z_r_in, f))
+    s_out = 1 / ( -1/(s_in + z_r_in**2/(s_in - f)) + 1/f )
+    m = 1/sqrt((1 - (s_in/f)**2) + (z_r_in/f)**2)
+    z_r_out = z_r_in / ((1 - (s_in/f)**2) + (z_r_in/f)**2)
+    return (s_out, z_r_out, m)
+
+
+def conjugate_gauss_beams(wavelen, waist_in, waist_out, **kwargs):
+    """
+    Find the optical setup conjugating the object/image waists.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    wavelen :
+        The wavelength of the beam.
+    waist_in and waist_out :
+        The waists to be conjugated.
+    f :
+        The focal distance of the element used in the conjugation.
+
+    Returns
+    =======
+
+    a tuple containing (s_in, s_out, f)
+    s_in :
+        The distance before the optical element.
+    s_out :
+        The distance after the optical element.
+    f :
+        The focal distance of the optical element.
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics import conjugate_gauss_beams
+    >>> from sympy import symbols, factor
+    >>> l, w_i, w_o, f = symbols('l w_i w_o f')
+
+    >>> conjugate_gauss_beams(l, w_i, w_o, f=f)[0]
+    f*(1 - sqrt(w_i**2/w_o**2 - pi**2*w_i**4/(f**2*l**2)))
+
+    >>> factor(conjugate_gauss_beams(l, w_i, w_o, f=f)[1])
+    f*w_o**2*(w_i**2/w_o**2 - sqrt(w_i**2/w_o**2 -
+              pi**2*w_i**4/(f**2*l**2)))/w_i**2
+
+    >>> conjugate_gauss_beams(l, w_i, w_o, f=f)[2]
+    f
+    """
+    #TODO add the other possible arguments
+    wavelen, waist_in, waist_out = map(sympify, (wavelen, waist_in, waist_out))
+    m = waist_out / waist_in
+    z = waist2rayleigh(waist_in, wavelen)
+    if len(kwargs) != 1:
+        raise ValueError("The function expects only one named argument")
+    elif 'dist' in kwargs:
+        raise NotImplementedError(filldedent('''
+            Currently only focal length is supported as a parameter'''))
+    elif 'f' in kwargs:
+        f = sympify(kwargs['f'])
+        s_in = f * (1 - sqrt(1/m**2 - z**2/f**2))
+        s_out = gaussian_conj(s_in, z, f)[0]
+    elif 's_in' in kwargs:
+        raise NotImplementedError(filldedent('''
+            Currently only focal length is supported as a parameter'''))
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(filldedent('''
+            The functions expects the focal length as a named argument'''))
+    return (s_in, s_out, f)
+
+#TODO
+#def plot_beam():
+#    """Plot the beam radius as it propagates in space."""
+#    pass
+
+#TODO
+#def plot_beam_conjugation():
+#    """
+#    Plot the intersection of two beams.
+#
+#    Represents the conjugation relation.
+#
+#    See Also
+#    ========
+#
+#    conjugate_gauss_beams
+#    """
+#    pass

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sympy/physics/optics/medium.py

@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+"""
+**Contains**
+
+* Medium
+"""
+from sympy.physics.units import second, meter, kilogram, ampere
+
+__all__ = ['Medium']
+
+from sympy.core.basic import Basic
+from sympy.core.symbol import Str
+from sympy.core.sympify import _sympify
+from sympy.functions.elementary.miscellaneous import sqrt
+from sympy.physics.units import speed_of_light, u0, e0
+
+
+c = speed_of_light.convert_to(meter/second)
+_e0mksa = e0.convert_to(ampere**2*second**4/(kilogram*meter**3))
+_u0mksa = u0.convert_to(meter*kilogram/(ampere**2*second**2))
+
+
+class Medium(Basic):
+
+    """
+    This class represents an optical medium. The prime reason to implement this is
+    to facilitate refraction, Fermat's principle, etc.
+
+    Explanation
+    ===========
+
+    An optical medium is a material through which electromagnetic waves propagate.
+    The permittivity and permeability of the medium define how electromagnetic
+    waves propagate in it.
+
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    name: string
+        The display name of the Medium.
+
+    permittivity: Sympifyable
+        Electric permittivity of the space.
+
+    permeability: Sympifyable
+        Magnetic permeability of the space.
+
+    n: Sympifyable
+        Index of refraction of the medium.
+
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    >>> from sympy.abc import epsilon, mu
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics import Medium
+    >>> m1 = Medium('m1')
+    >>> m2 = Medium('m2', epsilon, mu)
+    >>> m1.intrinsic_impedance
+    149896229*pi*kilogram*meter**2/(1250000*ampere**2*second**3)
+    >>> m2.refractive_index
+    299792458*meter*sqrt(epsilon*mu)/second
+
+
+    References
+    ==========
+
+    .. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_medium
+
+    """
+
+    def __new__(cls, name, permittivity=None, permeability=None, n=None):
+        if not isinstance(name, Str):
+            name = Str(name)
+
+        permittivity = _sympify(permittivity) if permittivity is not None else permittivity
+        permeability = _sympify(permeability) if permeability is not None else permeability
+        n = _sympify(n) if n is not None else n
+
+        if n is not None:
+            if permittivity is not None and permeability is None:
+                permeability = n**2/(c**2*permittivity)
+                return MediumPP(name, permittivity, permeability)
+            elif permeability is not None and permittivity is None:
+                permittivity = n**2/(c**2*permeability)
+                return MediumPP(name, permittivity, permeability)
+            elif permittivity is not None and permittivity is not None:
+                raise ValueError("Specifying all of permittivity, permeability, and n is not allowed")
+            else:
+                return MediumN(name, n)
+        elif permittivity is not None and permeability is not None:
+            return MediumPP(name, permittivity, permeability)
+        elif permittivity is None and permeability is None:
+            return MediumPP(name, _e0mksa, _u0mksa)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Arguments are underspecified. Either specify n or any two of permittivity, "
+                             "permeability, and n")
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        return self.args[0]
+
+    @property
+    def speed(self):
+        """
+        Returns speed of the electromagnetic wave travelling in the medium.
+
+        Examples
+        ========
+
+        >>> from sympy.physics.optics import Medium
+        >>> m = Medium('m')
+        >>> m.speed
+        299792458*meter/second
+        >>> m2 = Medium('m2', n=1)
+        >>> m.speed == m2.speed
+        True
+
+        """
+        return c / self.n
+
+    @property
+    def refractive_index(self):
+        """
+        Returns refractive index of the medium.
+
+        Examples
+        ========
+
+        >>> from sympy.physics.optics import Medium
+        >>> m = Medium('m')
+        >>> m.refractive_index
+        1
+
+        """
+        return (c/self.speed)
+
+
+class MediumN(Medium):
+
+    """
+    Represents an optical medium for which only the refractive index is known.
+    Useful for simple ray optics.
+
+    This class should never be instantiated directly.
+    Instead it should be instantiated indirectly by instantiating Medium with
+    only n specified.
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics import Medium
+    >>> m = Medium('m', n=2)
+    >>> m
+    MediumN(Str('m'), 2)
+    """
+
+    def __new__(cls, name, n):
+        obj = super(Medium, cls).__new__(cls, name, n)
+        return obj
+
+    @property
+    def n(self):
+        return self.args[1]
+
+
+class MediumPP(Medium):
+    """
+    Represents an optical medium for which the permittivity and permeability are known.
+
+    This class should never be instantiated directly. Instead it should be
+    instantiated indirectly by instantiating Medium with any two of
+    permittivity, permeability, and n specified, or by not specifying any
+    of permittivity, permeability, or n, in which case default values for
+    permittivity and permeability will be used.
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics import Medium
+    >>> from sympy.abc import epsilon, mu
+    >>> m1 = Medium('m1', permittivity=epsilon, permeability=mu)
+    >>> m1
+    MediumPP(Str('m1'), epsilon, mu)
+    >>> m2 = Medium('m2')
+    >>> m2
+    MediumPP(Str('m2'), 625000*ampere**2*second**4/(22468879468420441*pi*kilogram*meter**3), pi*kilogram*meter/(2500000*ampere**2*second**2))
+    """
+
+
+    def __new__(cls, name, permittivity, permeability):
+        obj = super(Medium, cls).__new__(cls, name, permittivity, permeability)
+        return obj
+
+    @property
+    def intrinsic_impedance(self):
+        """
+        Returns intrinsic impedance of the medium.
+
+        Explanation
+        ===========
+
+        The intrinsic impedance of a medium is the ratio of the
+        transverse components of the electric and magnetic fields
+        of the electromagnetic wave travelling in the medium.
+        In a region with no electrical conductivity it simplifies
+        to the square root of ratio of magnetic permeability to
+        electric permittivity.
+
+        Examples
+        ========
+
+        >>> from sympy.physics.optics import Medium
+        >>> m = Medium('m')
+        >>> m.intrinsic_impedance
+        149896229*pi*kilogram*meter**2/(1250000*ampere**2*second**3)
+
+        """
+        return sqrt(self.permeability / self.permittivity)
+
+    @property
+    def permittivity(self):
+        """
+        Returns electric permittivity of the medium.
+
+        Examples
+        ========
+
+        >>> from sympy.physics.optics import Medium
+        >>> m = Medium('m')
+        >>> m.permittivity
+        625000*ampere**2*second**4/(22468879468420441*pi*kilogram*meter**3)
+
+        """
+        return self.args[1]
+
+    @property
+    def permeability(self):
+        """
+        Returns magnetic permeability of the medium.
+
+        Examples
+        ========
+
+        >>> from sympy.physics.optics import Medium
+        >>> m = Medium('m')
+        >>> m.permeability
+        pi*kilogram*meter/(2500000*ampere**2*second**2)
+
+        """
+        return self.args[2]
+
+    @property
+    def n(self):
+        return c*sqrt(self.permittivity*self.permeability)

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sympy/physics/optics/polarization.py

@@ -0,0 +1,732 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+The module implements routines to model the polarization of optical fields
+and can be used to calculate the effects of polarization optical elements on
+the fields.
+
+- Jones vectors.
+
+- Stokes vectors.
+
+- Jones matrices.
+
+- Mueller matrices.
+
+Examples
+========
+
+We calculate a generic Jones vector:
+
+>>> from sympy import symbols, pprint, zeros, simplify
+>>> from sympy.physics.optics.polarization import (jones_vector, stokes_vector,
+...     half_wave_retarder, polarizing_beam_splitter, jones_2_stokes)
+
+>>> psi, chi, p, I0 = symbols("psi, chi, p, I0", real=True)
+>>> x0 = jones_vector(psi, chi)
+>>> pprint(x0, use_unicode=True)
+⎡-ⅈ⋅sin(χ)⋅sin(ψ) + cos(χ)⋅cos(ψ)⎤
+⎢                                ⎥
+⎣ⅈ⋅sin(χ)⋅cos(ψ) + sin(ψ)⋅cos(χ) ⎦
+
+And the more general Stokes vector:
+
+>>> s0 = stokes_vector(psi, chi, p, I0)
+>>> pprint(s0, use_unicode=True)
+⎡          I₀          ⎤
+⎢                      ⎥
+⎢I₀⋅p⋅cos(2⋅χ)⋅cos(2⋅ψ)⎥
+⎢                      ⎥
+⎢I₀⋅p⋅sin(2⋅ψ)⋅cos(2⋅χ)⎥
+⎢                      ⎥
+⎣    I₀⋅p⋅sin(2⋅χ)     ⎦
+
+We calculate how the Jones vector is modified by a half-wave plate:
+
+>>> alpha = symbols("alpha", real=True)
+>>> HWP = half_wave_retarder(alpha)
+>>> x1 = simplify(HWP*x0)
+
+We calculate the very common operation of passing a beam through a half-wave
+plate and then through a polarizing beam-splitter. We do this by putting this
+Jones vector as the first entry of a two-Jones-vector state that is transformed
+by a 4x4 Jones matrix modelling the polarizing beam-splitter to get the
+transmitted and reflected Jones vectors:
+
+>>> PBS = polarizing_beam_splitter()
+>>> X1 = zeros(4, 1)
+>>> X1[:2, :] = x1
+>>> X2 = PBS*X1
+>>> transmitted_port = X2[:2, :]
+>>> reflected_port = X2[2:, :]
+
+This allows us to calculate how the power in both ports depends on the initial
+polarization:
+
+>>> transmitted_power = jones_2_stokes(transmitted_port)[0]
+>>> reflected_power = jones_2_stokes(reflected_port)[0]
+>>> print(transmitted_power)
+cos(-2*alpha + chi + psi)**2/2 + cos(2*alpha + chi - psi)**2/2
+
+
+>>> print(reflected_power)
+sin(-2*alpha + chi + psi)**2/2 + sin(2*alpha + chi - psi)**2/2
+
+Please see the description of the individual functions for further
+details and examples.
+
+References
+==========
+
+.. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_calculus
+.. [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mueller_calculus
+.. [3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes_parameters
+
+"""
+
+from sympy.core.numbers import (I, pi)
+from sympy.functions.elementary.complexes import (Abs, im, re)
+from sympy.functions.elementary.exponential import exp
+from sympy.functions.elementary.miscellaneous import sqrt
+from sympy.functions.elementary.trigonometric import (cos, sin)
+from sympy.matrices.dense import Matrix
+from sympy.simplify.simplify import simplify
+from sympy.physics.quantum import TensorProduct
+
+
+def jones_vector(psi, chi):
+    """A Jones vector corresponding to a polarization ellipse with `psi` tilt,
+    and `chi` circularity.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    psi : numeric type or SymPy Symbol
+        The tilt of the polarization relative to the `x` axis.
+
+    chi : numeric type or SymPy Symbol
+        The angle adjacent to the mayor axis of the polarization ellipse.
+
+
+    Returns
+    =======
+
+    Matrix :
+        A Jones vector.
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    The axes on the Poincaré sphere.
+
+    >>> from sympy import pprint, symbols, pi
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics.polarization import jones_vector
+    >>> psi, chi = symbols("psi, chi", real=True)
+
+    A general Jones vector.
+
+    >>> pprint(jones_vector(psi, chi), use_unicode=True)
+    ⎡-ⅈ⋅sin(χ)⋅sin(ψ) + cos(χ)⋅cos(ψ)⎤
+    ⎢                                ⎥
+    ⎣ⅈ⋅sin(χ)⋅cos(ψ) + sin(ψ)⋅cos(χ) ⎦
+
+    Horizontal polarization.
+
+    >>> pprint(jones_vector(0, 0), use_unicode=True)
+    ⎡1⎤
+    ⎢ ⎥
+    ⎣0⎦
+
+    Vertical polarization.
+
+    >>> pprint(jones_vector(pi/2, 0), use_unicode=True)
+    ⎡0⎤
+    ⎢ ⎥
+    ⎣1⎦
+
+    Diagonal polarization.
+
+    >>> pprint(jones_vector(pi/4, 0), use_unicode=True)
+    ⎡√2⎤
+    ⎢──⎥
+    ⎢2 ⎥
+    ⎢  ⎥
+    ⎢√2⎥
+    ⎢──⎥
+    ⎣2 ⎦
+
+    Anti-diagonal polarization.
+
+    >>> pprint(jones_vector(-pi/4, 0), use_unicode=True)
+    ⎡ √2 ⎤
+    ⎢ ── ⎥
+    ⎢ 2  ⎥
+    ⎢    ⎥
+    ⎢-√2 ⎥
+    ⎢────⎥
+    ⎣ 2  ⎦
+
+    Right-hand circular polarization.
+
+    >>> pprint(jones_vector(0, pi/4), use_unicode=True)
+    ⎡ √2 ⎤
+    ⎢ ── ⎥
+    ⎢ 2  ⎥
+    ⎢    ⎥
+    ⎢√2⋅ⅈ⎥
+    ⎢────⎥
+    ⎣ 2  ⎦
+
+    Left-hand circular polarization.
+
+    >>> pprint(jones_vector(0, -pi/4), use_unicode=True)
+    ⎡  √2  ⎤
+    ⎢  ──  ⎥
+    ⎢  2   ⎥
+    ⎢      ⎥
+    ⎢-√2⋅ⅈ ⎥
+    ⎢──────⎥
+    ⎣  2   ⎦
+
+    """
+    return Matrix([-I*sin(chi)*sin(psi) + cos(chi)*cos(psi),
+                   I*sin(chi)*cos(psi) + sin(psi)*cos(chi)])
+
+
+def stokes_vector(psi, chi, p=1, I=1):
+    """A Stokes vector corresponding to a polarization ellipse with ``psi``
+    tilt, and ``chi`` circularity.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    psi : numeric type or SymPy Symbol
+        The tilt of the polarization relative to the ``x`` axis.
+    chi : numeric type or SymPy Symbol
+        The angle adjacent to the mayor axis of the polarization ellipse.
+    p : numeric type or SymPy Symbol
+        The degree of polarization.
+    I : numeric type or SymPy Symbol
+        The intensity of the field.
+
+
+    Returns
+    =======
+
+    Matrix :
+        A Stokes vector.
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    The axes on the Poincaré sphere.
+
+    >>> from sympy import pprint, symbols, pi
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics.polarization import stokes_vector
+    >>> psi, chi, p, I = symbols("psi, chi, p, I", real=True)
+    >>> pprint(stokes_vector(psi, chi, p, I), use_unicode=True)
+    ⎡          I          ⎤
+    ⎢                     ⎥
+    ⎢I⋅p⋅cos(2⋅χ)⋅cos(2⋅ψ)⎥
+    ⎢                     ⎥
+    ⎢I⋅p⋅sin(2⋅ψ)⋅cos(2⋅χ)⎥
+    ⎢                     ⎥
+    ⎣    I⋅p⋅sin(2⋅χ)     ⎦
+
+
+    Horizontal polarization
+
+    >>> pprint(stokes_vector(0, 0), use_unicode=True)
+    ⎡1⎤
+    ⎢ ⎥
+    ⎢1⎥
+    ⎢ ⎥
+    ⎢0⎥
+    ⎢ ⎥
+    ⎣0⎦
+
+    Vertical polarization
+
+    >>> pprint(stokes_vector(pi/2, 0), use_unicode=True)
+    ⎡1 ⎤
+    ⎢  ⎥
+    ⎢-1⎥
+    ⎢  ⎥
+    ⎢0 ⎥
+    ⎢  ⎥
+    ⎣0 ⎦
+
+    Diagonal polarization
+
+    >>> pprint(stokes_vector(pi/4, 0), use_unicode=True)
+    ⎡1⎤
+    ⎢ ⎥
+    ⎢0⎥
+    ⎢ ⎥
+    ⎢1⎥
+    ⎢ ⎥
+    ⎣0⎦
+
+    Anti-diagonal polarization
+
+    >>> pprint(stokes_vector(-pi/4, 0), use_unicode=True)
+    ⎡1 ⎤
+    ⎢  ⎥
+    ⎢0 ⎥
+    ⎢  ⎥
+    ⎢-1⎥
+    ⎢  ⎥
+    ⎣0 ⎦
+
+    Right-hand circular polarization
+
+    >>> pprint(stokes_vector(0, pi/4), use_unicode=True)
+    ⎡1⎤
+    ⎢ ⎥
+    ⎢0⎥
+    ⎢ ⎥
+    ⎢0⎥
+    ⎢ ⎥
+    ⎣1⎦
+
+    Left-hand circular polarization
+
+    >>> pprint(stokes_vector(0, -pi/4), use_unicode=True)
+    ⎡1 ⎤
+    ⎢  ⎥
+    ⎢0 ⎥
+    ⎢  ⎥
+    ⎢0 ⎥
+    ⎢  ⎥
+    ⎣-1⎦
+
+    Unpolarized light
+
+    >>> pprint(stokes_vector(0, 0, 0), use_unicode=True)
+    ⎡1⎤
+    ⎢ ⎥
+    ⎢0⎥
+    ⎢ ⎥
+    ⎢0⎥
+    ⎢ ⎥
+    ⎣0⎦
+
+    """
+    S0 = I
+    S1 = I*p*cos(2*psi)*cos(2*chi)
+    S2 = I*p*sin(2*psi)*cos(2*chi)
+    S3 = I*p*sin(2*chi)
+    return Matrix([S0, S1, S2, S3])
+
+
+def jones_2_stokes(e):
+    """Return the Stokes vector for a Jones vector ``e``.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    e : SymPy Matrix
+        A Jones vector.
+
+    Returns
+    =======
+
+    SymPy Matrix
+        A Jones vector.
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    The axes on the Poincaré sphere.
+
+    >>> from sympy import pprint, pi
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics.polarization import jones_vector
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics.polarization import jones_2_stokes
+    >>> H = jones_vector(0, 0)
+    >>> V = jones_vector(pi/2, 0)
+    >>> D = jones_vector(pi/4, 0)
+    >>> A = jones_vector(-pi/4, 0)
+    >>> R = jones_vector(0, pi/4)
+    >>> L = jones_vector(0, -pi/4)
+    >>> pprint([jones_2_stokes(e) for e in [H, V, D, A, R, L]],
+    ...         use_unicode=True)
+    ⎡⎡1⎤  ⎡1 ⎤  ⎡1⎤  ⎡1 ⎤  ⎡1⎤  ⎡1 ⎤⎤
+    ⎢⎢ ⎥  ⎢  ⎥  ⎢ ⎥  ⎢  ⎥  ⎢ ⎥  ⎢  ⎥⎥
+    ⎢⎢1⎥  ⎢-1⎥  ⎢0⎥  ⎢0 ⎥  ⎢0⎥  ⎢0 ⎥⎥
+    ⎢⎢ ⎥, ⎢  ⎥, ⎢ ⎥, ⎢  ⎥, ⎢ ⎥, ⎢  ⎥⎥
+    ⎢⎢0⎥  ⎢0 ⎥  ⎢1⎥  ⎢-1⎥  ⎢0⎥  ⎢0 ⎥⎥
+    ⎢⎢ ⎥  ⎢  ⎥  ⎢ ⎥  ⎢  ⎥  ⎢ ⎥  ⎢  ⎥⎥
+    ⎣⎣0⎦  ⎣0 ⎦  ⎣0⎦  ⎣0 ⎦  ⎣1⎦  ⎣-1⎦⎦
+
+    """
+    ex, ey = e
+    return Matrix([Abs(ex)**2 + Abs(ey)**2,
+                   Abs(ex)**2 - Abs(ey)**2,
+                   2*re(ex*ey.conjugate()),
+                   -2*im(ex*ey.conjugate())])
+
+
+def linear_polarizer(theta=0):
+    """A linear polarizer Jones matrix with transmission axis at
+    an angle ``theta``.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    theta : numeric type or SymPy Symbol
+        The angle of the transmission axis relative to the horizontal plane.
+
+    Returns
+    =======
+
+    SymPy Matrix
+        A Jones matrix representing the polarizer.
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    A generic polarizer.
+
+    >>> from sympy import pprint, symbols
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics.polarization import linear_polarizer
+    >>> theta = symbols("theta", real=True)
+    >>> J = linear_polarizer(theta)
+    >>> pprint(J, use_unicode=True)
+    ⎡      2                     ⎤
+    ⎢   cos (θ)     sin(θ)⋅cos(θ)⎥
+    ⎢                            ⎥
+    ⎢                     2      ⎥
+    ⎣sin(θ)⋅cos(θ)     sin (θ)   ⎦
+
+
+    """
+    M = Matrix([[cos(theta)**2, sin(theta)*cos(theta)],
+                [sin(theta)*cos(theta), sin(theta)**2]])
+    return M
+
+
+def phase_retarder(theta=0, delta=0):
+    """A phase retarder Jones matrix with retardance ``delta`` at angle ``theta``.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    theta : numeric type or SymPy Symbol
+        The angle of the fast axis relative to the horizontal plane.
+    delta : numeric type or SymPy Symbol
+        The phase difference between the fast and slow axes of the
+        transmitted light.
+
+    Returns
+    =======
+
+    SymPy Matrix :
+        A Jones matrix representing the retarder.
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    A generic retarder.
+
+    >>> from sympy import pprint, symbols
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics.polarization import phase_retarder
+    >>> theta, delta = symbols("theta, delta", real=True)
+    >>> R = phase_retarder(theta, delta)
+    >>> pprint(R, use_unicode=True)
+    ⎡                          -ⅈ⋅δ               -ⅈ⋅δ               ⎤
+    ⎢                          ─────              ─────              ⎥
+    ⎢⎛ ⅈ⋅δ    2         2   ⎞    2    ⎛     ⅈ⋅δ⎞    2                ⎥
+    ⎢⎝ℯ   ⋅sin (θ) + cos (θ)⎠⋅ℯ       ⎝1 - ℯ   ⎠⋅ℯ     ⋅sin(θ)⋅cos(θ)⎥
+    ⎢                                                                ⎥
+    ⎢            -ⅈ⋅δ                                           -ⅈ⋅δ ⎥
+    ⎢            ─────                                          ─────⎥
+    ⎢⎛     ⅈ⋅δ⎞    2                  ⎛ ⅈ⋅δ    2         2   ⎞    2  ⎥
+    ⎣⎝1 - ℯ   ⎠⋅ℯ     ⋅sin(θ)⋅cos(θ)  ⎝ℯ   ⋅cos (θ) + sin (θ)⎠⋅ℯ     ⎦
+
+    """
+    R = Matrix([[cos(theta)**2 + exp(I*delta)*sin(theta)**2,
+                (1-exp(I*delta))*cos(theta)*sin(theta)],
+                [(1-exp(I*delta))*cos(theta)*sin(theta),
+                sin(theta)**2 + exp(I*delta)*cos(theta)**2]])
+    return R*exp(-I*delta/2)
+
+
+def half_wave_retarder(theta):
+    """A half-wave retarder Jones matrix at angle ``theta``.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    theta : numeric type or SymPy Symbol
+        The angle of the fast axis relative to the horizontal plane.
+
+    Returns
+    =======
+
+    SymPy Matrix
+        A Jones matrix representing the retarder.
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    A generic half-wave plate.
+
+    >>> from sympy import pprint, symbols
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics.polarization import half_wave_retarder
+    >>> theta= symbols("theta", real=True)
+    >>> HWP = half_wave_retarder(theta)
+    >>> pprint(HWP, use_unicode=True)
+    ⎡   ⎛     2         2   ⎞                        ⎤
+    ⎢-ⅈ⋅⎝- sin (θ) + cos (θ)⎠    -2⋅ⅈ⋅sin(θ)⋅cos(θ)  ⎥
+    ⎢                                                ⎥
+    ⎢                             ⎛   2         2   ⎞⎥
+    ⎣   -2⋅ⅈ⋅sin(θ)⋅cos(θ)     -ⅈ⋅⎝sin (θ) - cos (θ)⎠⎦
+
+    """
+    return phase_retarder(theta, pi)
+
+
+def quarter_wave_retarder(theta):
+    """A quarter-wave retarder Jones matrix at angle ``theta``.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    theta : numeric type or SymPy Symbol
+        The angle of the fast axis relative to the horizontal plane.
+
+    Returns
+    =======
+
+    SymPy Matrix
+        A Jones matrix representing the retarder.
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    A generic quarter-wave plate.
+
+    >>> from sympy import pprint, symbols
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics.polarization import quarter_wave_retarder
+    >>> theta= symbols("theta", real=True)
+    >>> QWP = quarter_wave_retarder(theta)
+    >>> pprint(QWP, use_unicode=True)
+    ⎡                       -ⅈ⋅π            -ⅈ⋅π               ⎤
+    ⎢                       ─────           ─────              ⎥
+    ⎢⎛     2         2   ⎞    4               4                ⎥
+    ⎢⎝ⅈ⋅sin (θ) + cos (θ)⎠⋅ℯ       (1 - ⅈ)⋅ℯ     ⋅sin(θ)⋅cos(θ)⎥
+    ⎢                                                          ⎥
+    ⎢         -ⅈ⋅π                                        -ⅈ⋅π ⎥
+    ⎢         ─────                                       ─────⎥
+    ⎢           4                  ⎛   2           2   ⎞    4  ⎥
+    ⎣(1 - ⅈ)⋅ℯ     ⋅sin(θ)⋅cos(θ)  ⎝sin (θ) + ⅈ⋅cos (θ)⎠⋅ℯ     ⎦
+
+    """
+    return phase_retarder(theta, pi/2)
+
+
+def transmissive_filter(T):
+    """An attenuator Jones matrix with transmittance ``T``.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    T : numeric type or SymPy Symbol
+        The transmittance of the attenuator.
+
+    Returns
+    =======
+
+    SymPy Matrix
+        A Jones matrix representing the filter.
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    A generic filter.
+
+    >>> from sympy import pprint, symbols
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics.polarization import transmissive_filter
+    >>> T = symbols("T", real=True)
+    >>> NDF = transmissive_filter(T)
+    >>> pprint(NDF, use_unicode=True)
+    ⎡√T  0 ⎤
+    ⎢      ⎥
+    ⎣0   √T⎦
+
+    """
+    return Matrix([[sqrt(T), 0], [0, sqrt(T)]])
+
+
+def reflective_filter(R):
+    """A reflective filter Jones matrix with reflectance ``R``.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    R : numeric type or SymPy Symbol
+        The reflectance of the filter.
+
+    Returns
+    =======
+
+    SymPy Matrix
+        A Jones matrix representing the filter.
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    A generic filter.
+
+    >>> from sympy import pprint, symbols
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics.polarization import reflective_filter
+    >>> R = symbols("R", real=True)
+    >>> pprint(reflective_filter(R), use_unicode=True)
+    ⎡√R   0 ⎤
+    ⎢       ⎥
+    ⎣0   -√R⎦
+
+    """
+    return Matrix([[sqrt(R), 0], [0, -sqrt(R)]])
+
+
+def mueller_matrix(J):
+    """The Mueller matrix corresponding to Jones matrix `J`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    J : SymPy Matrix
+        A Jones matrix.
+
+    Returns
+    =======
+
+    SymPy Matrix
+        The corresponding Mueller matrix.
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    Generic optical components.
+
+    >>> from sympy import pprint, symbols
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics.polarization import (mueller_matrix,
+    ...     linear_polarizer, half_wave_retarder, quarter_wave_retarder)
+    >>> theta = symbols("theta", real=True)
+
+    A linear_polarizer
+
+    >>> pprint(mueller_matrix(linear_polarizer(theta)), use_unicode=True)
+    ⎡            cos(2⋅θ)      sin(2⋅θ)     ⎤
+    ⎢  1/2       ────────      ────────    0⎥
+    ⎢               2             2         ⎥
+    ⎢                                       ⎥
+    ⎢cos(2⋅θ)  cos(4⋅θ)   1    sin(4⋅θ)     ⎥
+    ⎢────────  ──────── + ─    ────────    0⎥
+    ⎢   2         4       4       4         ⎥
+    ⎢                                       ⎥
+    ⎢sin(2⋅θ)    sin(4⋅θ)    1   cos(4⋅θ)   ⎥
+    ⎢────────    ────────    ─ - ────────  0⎥
+    ⎢   2           4        4      4       ⎥
+    ⎢                                       ⎥
+    ⎣   0           0             0        0⎦
+
+    A half-wave plate
+
+    >>> pprint(mueller_matrix(half_wave_retarder(theta)), use_unicode=True)
+    ⎡1              0                           0               0 ⎤
+    ⎢                                                             ⎥
+    ⎢        4           2                                        ⎥
+    ⎢0  8⋅sin (θ) - 8⋅sin (θ) + 1           sin(4⋅θ)            0 ⎥
+    ⎢                                                             ⎥
+    ⎢                                     4           2           ⎥
+    ⎢0          sin(4⋅θ)           - 8⋅sin (θ) + 8⋅sin (θ) - 1  0 ⎥
+    ⎢                                                             ⎥
+    ⎣0              0                           0               -1⎦
+
+    A quarter-wave plate
+
+    >>> pprint(mueller_matrix(quarter_wave_retarder(theta)), use_unicode=True)
+    ⎡1       0             0            0    ⎤
+    ⎢                                        ⎥
+    ⎢   cos(4⋅θ)   1    sin(4⋅θ)             ⎥
+    ⎢0  ──────── + ─    ────────    -sin(2⋅θ)⎥
+    ⎢      2       2       2                 ⎥
+    ⎢                                        ⎥
+    ⎢     sin(4⋅θ)    1   cos(4⋅θ)           ⎥
+    ⎢0    ────────    ─ - ────────  cos(2⋅θ) ⎥
+    ⎢        2        2      2               ⎥
+    ⎢                                        ⎥
+    ⎣0    sin(2⋅θ)     -cos(2⋅θ)        0    ⎦
+
+    """
+    A = Matrix([[1, 0, 0, 1],
+                [1, 0, 0, -1],
+                [0, 1, 1, 0],
+                [0, -I, I, 0]])
+
+    return simplify(A*TensorProduct(J, J.conjugate())*A.inv())
+
+
+def polarizing_beam_splitter(Tp=1, Rs=1, Ts=0, Rp=0, phia=0, phib=0):
+    r"""A polarizing beam splitter Jones matrix at angle `theta`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    J : SymPy Matrix
+        A Jones matrix.
+    Tp : numeric type or SymPy Symbol
+        The transmissivity of the P-polarized component.
+    Rs : numeric type or SymPy Symbol
+        The reflectivity of the S-polarized component.
+    Ts : numeric type or SymPy Symbol
+        The transmissivity of the S-polarized component.
+    Rp : numeric type or SymPy Symbol
+        The reflectivity of the P-polarized component.
+    phia : numeric type or SymPy Symbol
+        The phase difference between transmitted and reflected component for
+        output mode a.
+    phib : numeric type or SymPy Symbol
+        The phase difference between transmitted and reflected component for
+        output mode b.
+
+
+    Returns
+    =======
+
+    SymPy Matrix
+        A 4x4 matrix representing the PBS. This matrix acts on a 4x1 vector
+        whose first two entries are the Jones vector on one of the PBS ports,
+        and the last two entries the Jones vector on the other port.
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    Generic polarizing beam-splitter.
+
+    >>> from sympy import pprint, symbols
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics.polarization import polarizing_beam_splitter
+    >>> Ts, Rs, Tp, Rp = symbols(r"Ts, Rs, Tp, Rp", positive=True)
+    >>> phia, phib = symbols("phi_a, phi_b", real=True)
+    >>> PBS = polarizing_beam_splitter(Tp, Rs, Ts, Rp, phia, phib)
+    >>> pprint(PBS, use_unicode=False)
+    [   ____                           ____                    ]
+    [ \/ Tp            0           I*\/ Rp           0         ]
+    [                                                          ]
+    [                  ____                       ____  I*phi_a]
+    [   0            \/ Ts            0      -I*\/ Rs *e       ]
+    [                                                          ]
+    [    ____                         ____                     ]
+    [I*\/ Rp           0            \/ Tp            0         ]
+    [                                                          ]
+    [               ____  I*phi_b                    ____      ]
+    [   0      -I*\/ Rs *e            0            \/ Ts       ]
+
+    """
+    PBS = Matrix([[sqrt(Tp), 0, I*sqrt(Rp), 0],
+                  [0, sqrt(Ts), 0, -I*sqrt(Rs)*exp(I*phia)],
+                  [I*sqrt(Rp), 0, sqrt(Tp), 0],
+                  [0, -I*sqrt(Rs)*exp(I*phib), 0, sqrt(Ts)]])
+    return PBS

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sympy/physics/optics/tests/test_gaussopt.py

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+from sympy.core.evalf import N
+from sympy.core.numbers import (Float, I, oo, pi)
+from sympy.core.symbol import symbols
+from sympy.functions.elementary.miscellaneous import sqrt
+from sympy.functions.elementary.trigonometric import atan2
+from sympy.matrices.dense import Matrix
+from sympy.polys.polytools import factor
+
+from sympy.physics.optics import (BeamParameter, CurvedMirror,
+  CurvedRefraction, FlatMirror, FlatRefraction, FreeSpace, GeometricRay,
+  RayTransferMatrix, ThinLens, conjugate_gauss_beams,
+  gaussian_conj, geometric_conj_ab, geometric_conj_af, geometric_conj_bf,
+  rayleigh2waist, waist2rayleigh)
+
+
+def streq(a, b):
+    return str(a) == str(b)
+
+
+def test_gauss_opt():
+    mat = RayTransferMatrix(1, 2, 3, 4)
+    assert mat == Matrix([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+    assert mat == RayTransferMatrix( Matrix([[1, 2], [3, 4]]) )
+    assert [mat.A, mat.B, mat.C, mat.D] == [1, 2, 3, 4]
+
+    d, f, h, n1, n2, R = symbols('d f h n1 n2 R')
+    lens = ThinLens(f)
+    assert lens == Matrix([[   1, 0], [-1/f, 1]])
+    assert lens.C == -1/f
+    assert FreeSpace(d) == Matrix([[ 1, d], [0, 1]])
+    assert FlatRefraction(n1, n2) == Matrix([[1, 0], [0, n1/n2]])
+    assert CurvedRefraction(
+        R, n1, n2) == Matrix([[1, 0], [(n1 - n2)/(R*n2), n1/n2]])
+    assert FlatMirror() == Matrix([[1, 0], [0, 1]])
+    assert CurvedMirror(R) == Matrix([[   1, 0], [-2/R, 1]])
+    assert ThinLens(f) == Matrix([[   1, 0], [-1/f, 1]])
+
+    mul = CurvedMirror(R)*FreeSpace(d)
+    mul_mat = Matrix([[   1, 0], [-2/R, 1]])*Matrix([[ 1, d], [0, 1]])
+    assert mul.A == mul_mat[0, 0]
+    assert mul.B == mul_mat[0, 1]
+    assert mul.C == mul_mat[1, 0]
+    assert mul.D == mul_mat[1, 1]
+
+    angle = symbols('angle')
+    assert GeometricRay(h, angle) == Matrix([[    h], [angle]])
+    assert FreeSpace(
+        d)*GeometricRay(h, angle) == Matrix([[angle*d + h], [angle]])
+    assert GeometricRay( Matrix( ((h,), (angle,)) ) ) == Matrix([[h], [angle]])
+    assert (FreeSpace(d)*GeometricRay(h, angle)).height == angle*d + h
+    assert (FreeSpace(d)*GeometricRay(h, angle)).angle == angle
+
+    p = BeamParameter(530e-9, 1, w=1e-3)
+    assert streq(p.q, 1 + 1.88679245283019*I*pi)
+    assert streq(N(p.q), 1.0 + 5.92753330865999*I)
+    assert streq(N(p.w_0), Float(0.00100000000000000))
+    assert streq(N(p.z_r), Float(5.92753330865999))
+    fs = FreeSpace(10)
+    p1 = fs*p
+    assert streq(N(p.w), Float(0.00101413072159615))
+    assert streq(N(p1.w), Float(0.00210803120913829))
+
+    w, wavelen = symbols('w wavelen')
+    assert waist2rayleigh(w, wavelen) == pi*w**2/wavelen
+    z_r, wavelen = symbols('z_r wavelen')
+    assert rayleigh2waist(z_r, wavelen) == sqrt(wavelen*z_r)/sqrt(pi)
+
+    a, b, f = symbols('a b f')
+    assert geometric_conj_ab(a, b) == a*b/(a + b)
+    assert geometric_conj_af(a, f) == a*f/(a - f)
+    assert geometric_conj_bf(b, f) == b*f/(b - f)
+    assert geometric_conj_ab(oo, b) == b
+    assert geometric_conj_ab(a, oo) == a
+
+    s_in, z_r_in, f = symbols('s_in z_r_in f')
+    assert gaussian_conj(
+        s_in, z_r_in, f)[0] == 1/(-1/(s_in + z_r_in**2/(-f + s_in)) + 1/f)
+    assert gaussian_conj(
+        s_in, z_r_in, f)[1] == z_r_in/(1 - s_in**2/f**2 + z_r_in**2/f**2)
+    assert gaussian_conj(
+        s_in, z_r_in, f)[2] == 1/sqrt(1 - s_in**2/f**2 + z_r_in**2/f**2)
+
+    l, w_i, w_o, f = symbols('l w_i w_o f')
+    assert conjugate_gauss_beams(l, w_i, w_o, f=f)[0] == f*(
+        -sqrt(w_i**2/w_o**2 - pi**2*w_i**4/(f**2*l**2)) + 1)
+    assert factor(conjugate_gauss_beams(l, w_i, w_o, f=f)[1]) == f*w_o**2*(
+        w_i**2/w_o**2 - sqrt(w_i**2/w_o**2 - pi**2*w_i**4/(f**2*l**2)))/w_i**2
+    assert conjugate_gauss_beams(l, w_i, w_o, f=f)[2] == f
+
+    z, l, w_0 = symbols('z l w_0', positive=True)
+    p = BeamParameter(l, z, w=w_0)
+    assert p.radius == z*(pi**2*w_0**4/(l**2*z**2) + 1)
+    assert p.w == w_0*sqrt(l**2*z**2/(pi**2*w_0**4) + 1)
+    assert p.w_0 == w_0
+    assert p.divergence == l/(pi*w_0)
+    assert p.gouy == atan2(z, pi*w_0**2/l)
+    assert p.waist_approximation_limit == 2*l/pi
+
+    p = BeamParameter(530e-9, 1, w=1e-3, n=2)
+    assert streq(p.q, 1 + 3.77358490566038*I*pi)
+    assert streq(N(p.z_r), Float(11.8550666173200))
+    assert streq(N(p.w_0), Float(0.00100000000000000))

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sympy/physics/optics/tests/test_medium.py

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+from sympy.functions.elementary.miscellaneous import sqrt
+from sympy.physics.optics import Medium
+from sympy.abc import epsilon, mu, n
+from sympy.physics.units import speed_of_light, u0, e0, m, kg, s, A
+
+from sympy.testing.pytest import raises
+
+c = speed_of_light.convert_to(m/s)
+e0 = e0.convert_to(A**2*s**4/(kg*m**3))
+u0 = u0.convert_to(m*kg/(A**2*s**2))
+
+
+def test_medium():
+    m1 = Medium('m1')
+    assert m1.intrinsic_impedance == sqrt(u0/e0)
+    assert m1.speed == 1/sqrt(e0*u0)
+    assert m1.refractive_index == c*sqrt(e0*u0)
+    assert m1.permittivity == e0
+    assert m1.permeability == u0
+    m2 = Medium('m2', epsilon, mu)
+    assert m2.intrinsic_impedance == sqrt(mu/epsilon)
+    assert m2.speed == 1/sqrt(epsilon*mu)
+    assert m2.refractive_index == c*sqrt(epsilon*mu)
+    assert m2.permittivity == epsilon
+    assert m2.permeability == mu
+    # Increasing electric permittivity and magnetic permeability
+    # by small amount from its value in vacuum.
+    m3 = Medium('m3', 9.0*10**(-12)*s**4*A**2/(m**3*kg), 1.45*10**(-6)*kg*m/(A**2*s**2))
+    assert m3.refractive_index > m1.refractive_index
+    assert m3 != m1
+    # Decreasing electric permittivity and magnetic permeability
+    # by small amount from its value in vacuum.
+    m4 = Medium('m4', 7.0*10**(-12)*s**4*A**2/(m**3*kg), 1.15*10**(-6)*kg*m/(A**2*s**2))
+    assert m4.refractive_index < m1.refractive_index
+    m5 = Medium('m5', permittivity=710*10**(-12)*s**4*A**2/(m**3*kg), n=1.33)
+    assert abs(m5.intrinsic_impedance - 6.24845417765552*kg*m**2/(A**2*s**3)) \
+                < 1e-12*kg*m**2/(A**2*s**3)
+    assert abs(m5.speed - 225407863.157895*m/s) < 1e-6*m/s
+    assert abs(m5.refractive_index - 1.33000000000000) < 1e-12
+    assert abs(m5.permittivity - 7.1e-10*A**2*s**4/(kg*m**3)) \
+                < 1e-20*A**2*s**4/(kg*m**3)
+    assert abs(m5.permeability - 2.77206575232851e-8*kg*m/(A**2*s**2)) \
+                < 1e-20*kg*m/(A**2*s**2)
+    m6 = Medium('m6', None, mu, n)
+    assert m6.permittivity == n**2/(c**2*mu)
+    # test for equality of refractive indices
+    assert Medium('m7').refractive_index == Medium('m8', e0, u0).refractive_index
+    raises(ValueError, lambda:Medium('m9', e0, u0, 2))

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sympy/physics/optics/tests/test_polarization.py

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+from sympy.physics.optics.polarization import (jones_vector, stokes_vector,
+    jones_2_stokes, linear_polarizer, phase_retarder, half_wave_retarder,
+    quarter_wave_retarder, transmissive_filter, reflective_filter,
+    mueller_matrix, polarizing_beam_splitter)
+from sympy.core.numbers import (I, pi)
+from sympy.core.singleton import S
+from sympy.core.symbol import symbols
+from sympy.functions.elementary.exponential import exp
+from sympy.matrices.dense import Matrix
+
+
+def test_polarization():
+    assert jones_vector(0, 0) == Matrix([1, 0])
+    assert jones_vector(pi/2, 0) == Matrix([0, 1])
+    #################################################################
+    assert stokes_vector(0, 0) == Matrix([1, 1, 0, 0])
+    assert stokes_vector(pi/2, 0) == Matrix([1, -1, 0, 0])
+    #################################################################
+    H = jones_vector(0, 0)
+    V = jones_vector(pi/2, 0)
+    D = jones_vector(pi/4, 0)
+    A = jones_vector(-pi/4, 0)
+    R = jones_vector(0, pi/4)
+    L = jones_vector(0, -pi/4)
+
+    res = [Matrix([1, 1, 0, 0]),
+           Matrix([1, -1, 0, 0]),
+           Matrix([1, 0, 1, 0]),
+           Matrix([1, 0, -1, 0]),
+           Matrix([1, 0, 0, 1]),
+           Matrix([1, 0, 0, -1])]
+
+    assert [jones_2_stokes(e) for e in [H, V, D, A, R, L]] == res
+    #################################################################
+    assert linear_polarizer(0) == Matrix([[1, 0], [0, 0]])
+    #################################################################
+    delta = symbols("delta", real=True)
+    res = Matrix([[exp(-I*delta/2), 0], [0, exp(I*delta/2)]])
+    assert phase_retarder(0, delta) == res
+    #################################################################
+    assert half_wave_retarder(0) == Matrix([[-I, 0], [0, I]])
+    #################################################################
+    res = Matrix([[exp(-I*pi/4), 0], [0, I*exp(-I*pi/4)]])
+    assert quarter_wave_retarder(0) == res
+    #################################################################
+    assert transmissive_filter(1) == Matrix([[1, 0], [0, 1]])
+    #################################################################
+    assert reflective_filter(1) == Matrix([[1, 0], [0, -1]])
+
+    res = Matrix([[S(1)/2, S(1)/2, 0, 0],
+                  [S(1)/2, S(1)/2, 0, 0],
+                  [0, 0, 0, 0],
+                  [0, 0, 0, 0]])
+    assert mueller_matrix(linear_polarizer(0)) == res
+    #################################################################
+    res = Matrix([[1, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, -I], [0, 0, 1, 0], [0, -I, 0, 0]])
+    assert polarizing_beam_splitter() == res

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sympy/physics/optics/tests/test_utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+from sympy.core.numbers import comp, Rational
+from sympy.physics.optics.utils import (refraction_angle, fresnel_coefficients,
+        deviation, brewster_angle, critical_angle, lens_makers_formula,
+        mirror_formula, lens_formula, hyperfocal_distance,
+        transverse_magnification)
+from sympy.physics.optics.medium import Medium
+from sympy.physics.units import e0
+
+from sympy.core.numbers import oo
+from sympy.core.symbol import symbols
+from sympy.functions.elementary.miscellaneous import sqrt
+from sympy.matrices.dense import Matrix
+from sympy.geometry.point import Point3D
+from sympy.geometry.line import Ray3D
+from sympy.geometry.plane import Plane
+
+from sympy.testing.pytest import raises
+
+
+ae = lambda a, b, n: comp(a, b, 10**-n)
+
+
+def test_refraction_angle():
+    n1, n2 = symbols('n1, n2')
+    m1 = Medium('m1')
+    m2 = Medium('m2')
+    r1 = Ray3D(Point3D(-1, -1, 1), Point3D(0, 0, 0))
+    i = Matrix([1, 1, 1])
+    n = Matrix([0, 0, 1])
+    normal_ray = Ray3D(Point3D(0, 0, 0), Point3D(0, 0, 1))
+    P = Plane(Point3D(0, 0, 0), normal_vector=[0, 0, 1])
+    assert refraction_angle(r1, 1, 1, n) == Matrix([
+                                            [ 1],
+                                            [ 1],
+                                            [-1]])
+    assert refraction_angle([1, 1, 1], 1, 1, n) == Matrix([
+                                            [ 1],
+                                            [ 1],
+                                            [-1]])
+    assert refraction_angle((1, 1, 1), 1, 1, n) == Matrix([
+                                            [ 1],
+                                            [ 1],
+                                            [-1]])
+    assert refraction_angle(i, 1, 1, [0, 0, 1]) == Matrix([
+                                            [ 1],
+                                            [ 1],
+                                            [-1]])
+    assert refraction_angle(i, 1, 1, (0, 0, 1)) == Matrix([
+                                            [ 1],
+                                            [ 1],
+                                            [-1]])
+    assert refraction_angle(i, 1, 1, normal_ray) == Matrix([
+                                            [ 1],
+                                            [ 1],
+                                            [-1]])
+    assert refraction_angle(i, 1, 1, plane=P) == Matrix([
+                                            [ 1],
+                                            [ 1],
+                                            [-1]])
+    assert refraction_angle(r1, 1, 1, plane=P) == \
+        Ray3D(Point3D(0, 0, 0), Point3D(1, 1, -1))
+    assert refraction_angle(r1, m1, 1.33, plane=P) == \
+        Ray3D(Point3D(0, 0, 0), Point3D(Rational(100, 133), Rational(100, 133), -789378201649271*sqrt(3)/1000000000000000))
+    assert refraction_angle(r1, 1, m2, plane=P) == \
+        Ray3D(Point3D(0, 0, 0), Point3D(1, 1, -1))
+    assert refraction_angle(r1, n1, n2, plane=P) == \
+        Ray3D(Point3D(0, 0, 0), Point3D(n1/n2, n1/n2, -sqrt(3)*sqrt(-2*n1**2/(3*n2**2) + 1)))
+    assert refraction_angle(r1, 1.33, 1, plane=P) == 0  # TIR
+    assert refraction_angle(r1, 1, 1, normal_ray) == \
+        Ray3D(Point3D(0, 0, 0), direction_ratio=[1, 1, -1])
+    assert ae(refraction_angle(0.5, 1, 2), 0.24207, 5)
+    assert ae(refraction_angle(0.5, 2, 1), 1.28293, 5)
+    raises(ValueError, lambda: refraction_angle(r1, m1, m2, normal_ray, P))
+    raises(TypeError, lambda: refraction_angle(m1, m1, m2)) # can add other values for arg[0]
+    raises(TypeError, lambda: refraction_angle(r1, m1, m2, None, i))
+    raises(TypeError, lambda: refraction_angle(r1, m1, m2, m2))
+
+
+def test_fresnel_coefficients():
+    assert all(ae(i, j, 5) for i, j in zip(
+        fresnel_coefficients(0.5, 1, 1.33),
+        [0.11163, -0.17138, 0.83581, 0.82862]))
+    assert all(ae(i, j, 5) for i, j in zip(
+        fresnel_coefficients(0.5, 1.33, 1),
+        [-0.07726, 0.20482, 1.22724, 1.20482]))
+    m1 = Medium('m1')
+    m2 = Medium('m2', n=2)
+    assert all(ae(i, j, 5) for i, j in zip(
+        fresnel_coefficients(0.3, m1, m2),
+        [0.31784, -0.34865, 0.65892, 0.65135]))
+    ans = [[-0.23563, -0.97184], [0.81648, -0.57738]]
+    got = fresnel_coefficients(0.6, m2, m1)
+    for i, j in zip(got, ans):
+        for a, b in zip(i.as_real_imag(), j):
+            assert ae(a, b, 5)
+
+
+def test_deviation():
+    n1, n2 = symbols('n1, n2')
+    r1 = Ray3D(Point3D(-1, -1, 1), Point3D(0, 0, 0))
+    n = Matrix([0, 0, 1])
+    i = Matrix([-1, -1, -1])
+    normal_ray = Ray3D(Point3D(0, 0, 0), Point3D(0, 0, 1))
+    P = Plane(Point3D(0, 0, 0), normal_vector=[0, 0, 1])
+    assert deviation(r1, 1, 1, normal=n) == 0
+    assert deviation(r1, 1, 1, plane=P) == 0
+    assert deviation(r1, 1, 1.1, plane=P).evalf(3) + 0.119 < 1e-3
+    assert deviation(i, 1, 1.1, normal=normal_ray).evalf(3) + 0.119 < 1e-3
+    assert deviation(r1, 1.33, 1, plane=P) is None  # TIR
+    assert deviation(r1, 1, 1, normal=[0, 0, 1]) == 0
+    assert deviation([-1, -1, -1], 1, 1, normal=[0, 0, 1]) == 0
+    assert ae(deviation(0.5, 1, 2), -0.25793, 5)
+    assert ae(deviation(0.5, 2, 1), 0.78293, 5)
+
+
+def test_brewster_angle():
+    m1 = Medium('m1', n=1)
+    m2 = Medium('m2', n=1.33)
+    assert ae(brewster_angle(m1, m2), 0.93, 2)
+    m1 = Medium('m1', permittivity=e0, n=1)
+    m2 = Medium('m2', permittivity=e0, n=1.33)
+    assert ae(brewster_angle(m1, m2), 0.93, 2)
+    assert ae(brewster_angle(1, 1.33), 0.93, 2)
+
+
+def test_critical_angle():
+    m1 = Medium('m1', n=1)
+    m2 = Medium('m2', n=1.33)
+    assert ae(critical_angle(m2, m1), 0.85, 2)
+
+
+def test_lens_makers_formula():
+    n1, n2 = symbols('n1, n2')
+    m1 = Medium('m1', permittivity=e0, n=1)
+    m2 = Medium('m2', permittivity=e0, n=1.33)
+    assert lens_makers_formula(n1, n2, 10, -10) == 5.0*n2/(n1 - n2)
+    assert ae(lens_makers_formula(m1, m2, 10, -10), -20.15, 2)
+    assert ae(lens_makers_formula(1.33, 1, 10, -10),  15.15, 2)
+
+
+def test_mirror_formula():
+    u, v, f = symbols('u, v, f')
+    assert mirror_formula(focal_length=f, u=u) == f*u/(-f + u)
+    assert mirror_formula(focal_length=f, v=v) == f*v/(-f + v)
+    assert mirror_formula(u=u, v=v) == u*v/(u + v)
+    assert mirror_formula(u=oo, v=v) == v
+    assert mirror_formula(u=oo, v=oo) is oo
+    assert mirror_formula(focal_length=oo, u=u) == -u
+    assert mirror_formula(u=u, v=oo) == u
+    assert mirror_formula(focal_length=oo, v=oo) is oo
+    assert mirror_formula(focal_length=f, v=oo) == f
+    assert mirror_formula(focal_length=oo, v=v) == -v
+    assert mirror_formula(focal_length=oo, u=oo) is oo
+    assert mirror_formula(focal_length=f, u=oo) == f
+    assert mirror_formula(focal_length=oo, u=u) == -u
+    raises(ValueError, lambda: mirror_formula(focal_length=f, u=u, v=v))
+
+
+def test_lens_formula():
+    u, v, f = symbols('u, v, f')
+    assert lens_formula(focal_length=f, u=u) == f*u/(f + u)
+    assert lens_formula(focal_length=f, v=v) == f*v/(f - v)
+    assert lens_formula(u=u, v=v) == u*v/(u - v)
+    assert lens_formula(u=oo, v=v) == v
+    assert lens_formula(u=oo, v=oo) is oo
+    assert lens_formula(focal_length=oo, u=u) == u
+    assert lens_formula(u=u, v=oo) == -u
+    assert lens_formula(focal_length=oo, v=oo) is -oo
+    assert lens_formula(focal_length=oo, v=v) == v
+    assert lens_formula(focal_length=f, v=oo) == -f
+    assert lens_formula(focal_length=oo, u=oo) is oo
+    assert lens_formula(focal_length=oo, u=u) == u
+    assert lens_formula(focal_length=f, u=oo) == f
+    raises(ValueError, lambda: lens_formula(focal_length=f, u=u, v=v))
+
+
+def test_hyperfocal_distance():
+    f, N, c = symbols('f, N, c')
+    assert hyperfocal_distance(f=f, N=N, c=c) == f**2/(N*c)
+    assert ae(hyperfocal_distance(f=0.5, N=8, c=0.0033), 9.47, 2)
+
+
+def test_transverse_magnification():
+    si, so = symbols('si, so')
+    assert transverse_magnification(si, so) == -si/so
+    assert transverse_magnification(30, 15) == -2
+
+
+def test_lens_makers_formula_thick_lens():
+    n1, n2 = symbols('n1, n2')
+    m1 = Medium('m1', permittivity=e0, n=1)
+    m2 = Medium('m2', permittivity=e0, n=1.33)
+    assert ae(lens_makers_formula(m1, m2, 10, -10, d=1), -19.82, 2)
+    assert lens_makers_formula(n1, n2, 1, -1, d=0.1) == n2/((2.0 - (0.1*n1 - 0.1*n2)/n1)*(n1 - n2))
+
+
+def test_lens_makers_formula_plano_lens():
+    n1, n2 = symbols('n1, n2')
+    m1 = Medium('m1', permittivity=e0, n=1)
+    m2 = Medium('m2', permittivity=e0, n=1.33)
+    assert ae(lens_makers_formula(m1, m2, 10, oo), -40.30, 2)
+    assert lens_makers_formula(n1, n2, 10, oo) == 10.0*n2/(n1 - n2)

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sympy/physics/optics/tests/test_waves.py

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+from sympy.core.function import (Derivative, Function)
+from sympy.core.numbers import (I, pi)
+from sympy.core.symbol import (Symbol, symbols)
+from sympy.functions.elementary.miscellaneous import sqrt
+from sympy.functions.elementary.trigonometric import (atan2, cos, sin)
+from sympy.simplify.simplify import simplify
+from sympy.abc import epsilon, mu
+from sympy.functions.elementary.exponential import exp
+from sympy.physics.units import speed_of_light, m, s
+from sympy.physics.optics import TWave
+
+from sympy.testing.pytest import raises
+
+c = speed_of_light.convert_to(m/s)
+
+def test_twave():
+    A1, phi1, A2, phi2, f = symbols('A1, phi1, A2, phi2, f')
+    n = Symbol('n')  # Refractive index
+    t = Symbol('t')  # Time
+    x = Symbol('x')  # Spatial variable
+    E = Function('E')
+    w1 = TWave(A1, f, phi1)
+    w2 = TWave(A2, f, phi2)
+    assert w1.amplitude == A1
+    assert w1.frequency == f
+    assert w1.phase == phi1
+    assert w1.wavelength == c/(f*n)
+    assert w1.time_period == 1/f
+    assert w1.angular_velocity == 2*pi*f
+    assert w1.wavenumber == 2*pi*f*n/c
+    assert w1.speed == c/n
+
+    w3 = w1 + w2
+    assert w3.amplitude == sqrt(A1**2 + 2*A1*A2*cos(phi1 - phi2) + A2**2)
+    assert w3.frequency == f
+    assert w3.phase == atan2(A1*sin(phi1) + A2*sin(phi2), A1*cos(phi1) + A2*cos(phi2))
+    assert w3.wavelength == c/(f*n)
+    assert w3.time_period == 1/f
+    assert w3.angular_velocity == 2*pi*f
+    assert w3.wavenumber == 2*pi*f*n/c
+    assert w3.speed == c/n
+    assert simplify(w3.rewrite(sin) - w2.rewrite(sin) - w1.rewrite(sin)) == 0
+    assert w3.rewrite('pde') == epsilon*mu*Derivative(E(x, t), t, t) + Derivative(E(x, t), x, x)
+    assert w3.rewrite(cos) == sqrt(A1**2 + 2*A1*A2*cos(phi1 - phi2)
+        + A2**2)*cos(pi*f*n*x*s/(149896229*m) - 2*pi*f*t + atan2(A1*sin(phi1)
+        + A2*sin(phi2), A1*cos(phi1) + A2*cos(phi2)))
+    assert w3.rewrite(exp) == sqrt(A1**2 + 2*A1*A2*cos(phi1 - phi2)
+        + A2**2)*exp(I*(-2*pi*f*t + atan2(A1*sin(phi1) + A2*sin(phi2), A1*cos(phi1)
+        + A2*cos(phi2)) + pi*s*f*n*x/(149896229*m)))
+
+    w4 = TWave(A1, None, 0, 1/f)
+    assert w4.frequency == f
+
+    w5 = w1 - w2
+    assert w5.amplitude == sqrt(A1**2 - 2*A1*A2*cos(phi1 - phi2) + A2**2)
+    assert w5.frequency == f
+    assert w5.phase == atan2(A1*sin(phi1) - A2*sin(phi2), A1*cos(phi1) - A2*cos(phi2))
+    assert w5.wavelength == c/(f*n)
+    assert w5.time_period == 1/f
+    assert w5.angular_velocity == 2*pi*f
+    assert w5.wavenumber == 2*pi*f*n/c
+    assert w5.speed == c/n
+    assert simplify(w5.rewrite(sin) - w1.rewrite(sin) + w2.rewrite(sin)) == 0
+    assert w5.rewrite('pde') == epsilon*mu*Derivative(E(x, t), t, t) + Derivative(E(x, t), x, x)
+    assert w5.rewrite(cos) == sqrt(A1**2 - 2*A1*A2*cos(phi1 - phi2)
+        + A2**2)*cos(-2*pi*f*t + atan2(A1*sin(phi1) - A2*sin(phi2), A1*cos(phi1)
+        - A2*cos(phi2)) + pi*s*f*n*x/(149896229*m))
+    assert w5.rewrite(exp) == sqrt(A1**2 - 2*A1*A2*cos(phi1 - phi2)
+        + A2**2)*exp(I*(-2*pi*f*t + atan2(A1*sin(phi1) - A2*sin(phi2), A1*cos(phi1)
+        - A2*cos(phi2)) + pi*s*f*n*x/(149896229*m)))
+
+    w6 = 2*w1
+    assert w6.amplitude == 2*A1
+    assert w6.frequency == f
+    assert w6.phase == phi1
+    w7 = -w6
+    assert w7.amplitude == -2*A1
+    assert w7.frequency == f
+    assert w7.phase == phi1
+
+    raises(ValueError, lambda:TWave(A1))
+    raises(ValueError, lambda:TWave(A1, f, phi1, t))

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sympy/physics/optics/utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,698 @@
+"""
+**Contains**
+
+* refraction_angle
+* fresnel_coefficients
+* deviation
+* brewster_angle
+* critical_angle
+* lens_makers_formula
+* mirror_formula
+* lens_formula
+* hyperfocal_distance
+* transverse_magnification
+"""
+
+__all__ = ['refraction_angle',
+           'deviation',
+           'fresnel_coefficients',
+           'brewster_angle',
+           'critical_angle',
+           'lens_makers_formula',
+           'mirror_formula',
+           'lens_formula',
+           'hyperfocal_distance',
+           'transverse_magnification'
+           ]
+
+from sympy.core.numbers import (Float, I, oo, pi, zoo)
+from sympy.core.singleton import S
+from sympy.core.symbol import Symbol
+from sympy.core.sympify import sympify
+from sympy.functions.elementary.miscellaneous import sqrt
+from sympy.functions.elementary.trigonometric import (acos, asin, atan2, cos, sin, tan)
+from sympy.matrices.dense import Matrix
+from sympy.polys.polytools import cancel
+from sympy.series.limits import Limit
+from sympy.geometry.line import Ray3D
+from sympy.geometry.util import intersection
+from sympy.geometry.plane import Plane
+from sympy.utilities.iterables import is_sequence
+from .medium import Medium
+
+
+def refractive_index_of_medium(medium):
+    """
+    Helper function that returns refractive index, given a medium
+    """
+    if isinstance(medium, Medium):
+        n = medium.refractive_index
+    else:
+        n = sympify(medium)
+    return n
+
+
+def refraction_angle(incident, medium1, medium2, normal=None, plane=None):
+    """
+    This function calculates transmitted vector after refraction at planar
+    surface. ``medium1`` and ``medium2`` can be ``Medium`` or any sympifiable object.
+    If ``incident`` is a number then treated as angle of incidence (in radians)
+    in which case refraction angle is returned.
+
+    If ``incident`` is an object of `Ray3D`, `normal` also has to be an instance
+    of `Ray3D` in order to get the output as a `Ray3D`. Please note that if
+    plane of separation is not provided and normal is an instance of `Ray3D`,
+    ``normal`` will be assumed to be intersecting incident ray at the plane of
+    separation. This will not be the case when `normal` is a `Matrix` or
+    any other sequence.
+    If ``incident`` is an instance of `Ray3D` and `plane` has not been provided
+    and ``normal`` is not `Ray3D`, output will be a `Matrix`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    incident : Matrix, Ray3D, sequence or a number
+        Incident vector or angle of incidence
+    medium1 : sympy.physics.optics.medium.Medium or sympifiable
+        Medium 1 or its refractive index
+    medium2 : sympy.physics.optics.medium.Medium or sympifiable
+        Medium 2 or its refractive index
+    normal : Matrix, Ray3D, or sequence
+        Normal vector
+    plane : Plane
+        Plane of separation of the two media.
+
+    Returns
+    =======
+
+    Returns an angle of refraction or a refracted ray depending on inputs.
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics import refraction_angle
+    >>> from sympy.geometry import Point3D, Ray3D, Plane
+    >>> from sympy.matrices import Matrix
+    >>> from sympy import symbols, pi
+    >>> n = Matrix([0, 0, 1])
+    >>> P = Plane(Point3D(0, 0, 0), normal_vector=[0, 0, 1])
+    >>> r1 = Ray3D(Point3D(-1, -1, 1), Point3D(0, 0, 0))
+    >>> refraction_angle(r1, 1, 1, n)
+    Matrix([
+    [ 1],
+    [ 1],
+    [-1]])
+    >>> refraction_angle(r1, 1, 1, plane=P)
+    Ray3D(Point3D(0, 0, 0), Point3D(1, 1, -1))
+
+    With different index of refraction of the two media
+
+    >>> n1, n2 = symbols('n1, n2')
+    >>> refraction_angle(r1, n1, n2, n)
+    Matrix([
+    [                                n1/n2],
+    [                                n1/n2],
+    [-sqrt(3)*sqrt(-2*n1**2/(3*n2**2) + 1)]])
+    >>> refraction_angle(r1, n1, n2, plane=P)
+    Ray3D(Point3D(0, 0, 0), Point3D(n1/n2, n1/n2, -sqrt(3)*sqrt(-2*n1**2/(3*n2**2) + 1)))
+    >>> round(refraction_angle(pi/6, 1.2, 1.5), 5)
+    0.41152
+    """
+
+    n1 = refractive_index_of_medium(medium1)
+    n2 = refractive_index_of_medium(medium2)
+
+    # check if an incidence angle was supplied instead of a ray
+    try:
+        angle_of_incidence = float(incident)
+    except TypeError:
+        angle_of_incidence = None
+
+    try:
+        critical_angle_ = critical_angle(medium1, medium2)
+    except (ValueError, TypeError):
+        critical_angle_ = None
+
+    if angle_of_incidence is not None:
+        if normal is not None or plane is not None:
+            raise ValueError('Normal/plane not allowed if incident is an angle')
+
+        if not 0.0 <= angle_of_incidence < pi*0.5:
+            raise ValueError('Angle of incidence not in range [0:pi/2)')
+
+        if critical_angle_ and angle_of_incidence > critical_angle_:
+            raise ValueError('Ray undergoes total internal reflection')
+        return asin(n1*sin(angle_of_incidence)/n2)
+
+    # Treat the incident as ray below
+    # A flag to check whether to return Ray3D or not
+    return_ray = False
+
+    if plane is not None and normal is not None:
+        raise ValueError("Either plane or normal is acceptable.")
+
+    if not isinstance(incident, Matrix):
+        if is_sequence(incident):
+            _incident = Matrix(incident)
+        elif isinstance(incident, Ray3D):
+            _incident = Matrix(incident.direction_ratio)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "incident should be a Matrix, Ray3D, or sequence")
+    else:
+        _incident = incident
+
+    # If plane is provided, get direction ratios of the normal
+    # to the plane from the plane else go with `normal` param.
+    if plane is not None:
+        if not isinstance(plane, Plane):
+            raise TypeError("plane should be an instance of geometry.plane.Plane")
+        # If we have the plane, we can get the intersection
+        # point of incident ray and the plane and thus return
+        # an instance of Ray3D.
+        if isinstance(incident, Ray3D):
+            return_ray = True
+            intersection_pt = plane.intersection(incident)[0]
+        _normal = Matrix(plane.normal_vector)
+    else:
+        if not isinstance(normal, Matrix):
+            if is_sequence(normal):
+                _normal = Matrix(normal)
+            elif isinstance(normal, Ray3D):
+                _normal = Matrix(normal.direction_ratio)
+                if isinstance(incident, Ray3D):
+                    intersection_pt = intersection(incident, normal)
+                    if len(intersection_pt) == 0:
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            "Normal isn't concurrent with the incident ray.")
+                    else:
+                        return_ray = True
+                        intersection_pt = intersection_pt[0]
+            else:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "Normal should be a Matrix, Ray3D, or sequence")
+        else:
+            _normal = normal
+
+    eta = n1/n2  # Relative index of refraction
+    # Calculating magnitude of the vectors
+    mag_incident = sqrt(sum(i**2 for i in _incident))
+    mag_normal = sqrt(sum(i**2 for i in _normal))
+    # Converting vectors to unit vectors by dividing
+    # them with their magnitudes
+    _incident /= mag_incident
+    _normal /= mag_normal
+    c1 = -_incident.dot(_normal)  # cos(angle_of_incidence)
+    cs2 = 1 - eta**2*(1 - c1**2)  # cos(angle_of_refraction)**2
+    if cs2.is_negative:  # This is the case of total internal reflection(TIR).
+        return S.Zero
+    drs = eta*_incident + (eta*c1 - sqrt(cs2))*_normal
+    # Multiplying unit vector by its magnitude
+    drs = drs*mag_incident
+    if not return_ray:
+        return drs
+    else:
+        return Ray3D(intersection_pt, direction_ratio=drs)
+
+
+def fresnel_coefficients(angle_of_incidence, medium1, medium2):
+    """
+    This function uses Fresnel equations to calculate reflection and
+    transmission coefficients. Those are obtained for both polarisations
+    when the electric field vector is in the plane of incidence (labelled 'p')
+    and when the electric field vector is perpendicular to the plane of
+    incidence (labelled 's'). There are four real coefficients unless the
+    incident ray reflects in total internal in which case there are two complex
+    ones. Angle of incidence is the angle between the incident ray and the
+    surface normal. ``medium1`` and ``medium2`` can be ``Medium`` or any
+    sympifiable object.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    angle_of_incidence : sympifiable
+
+    medium1 : Medium or sympifiable
+        Medium 1 or its refractive index
+
+    medium2 : Medium or sympifiable
+        Medium 2 or its refractive index
+
+    Returns
+    =======
+
+    Returns a list with four real Fresnel coefficients:
+    [reflection p (TM), reflection s (TE),
+    transmission p (TM), transmission s (TE)]
+    If the ray is undergoes total internal reflection then returns a
+    list of two complex Fresnel coefficients:
+    [reflection p (TM), reflection s (TE)]
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics import fresnel_coefficients
+    >>> fresnel_coefficients(0.3, 1, 2)
+    [0.317843553417859, -0.348645229818821,
+            0.658921776708929, 0.651354770181179]
+    >>> fresnel_coefficients(0.6, 2, 1)
+    [-0.235625382192159 - 0.971843958291041*I,
+             0.816477005968898 - 0.577377951366403*I]
+
+    References
+    ==========
+
+    .. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_equations
+    """
+    if not 0 <= 2*angle_of_incidence < pi:
+        raise ValueError('Angle of incidence not in range [0:pi/2)')
+
+    n1 = refractive_index_of_medium(medium1)
+    n2 = refractive_index_of_medium(medium2)
+
+    angle_of_refraction = asin(n1*sin(angle_of_incidence)/n2)
+    try:
+        angle_of_total_internal_reflection_onset = critical_angle(n1, n2)
+    except ValueError:
+        angle_of_total_internal_reflection_onset = None
+
+    if angle_of_total_internal_reflection_onset is None or\
+    angle_of_total_internal_reflection_onset > angle_of_incidence:
+        R_s = -sin(angle_of_incidence - angle_of_refraction)\
+                /sin(angle_of_incidence + angle_of_refraction)
+        R_p = tan(angle_of_incidence - angle_of_refraction)\
+                /tan(angle_of_incidence + angle_of_refraction)
+        T_s = 2*sin(angle_of_refraction)*cos(angle_of_incidence)\
+                /sin(angle_of_incidence + angle_of_refraction)
+        T_p = 2*sin(angle_of_refraction)*cos(angle_of_incidence)\
+                /(sin(angle_of_incidence + angle_of_refraction)\
+                *cos(angle_of_incidence - angle_of_refraction))
+        return [R_p, R_s, T_p, T_s]
+    else:
+        n = n2/n1
+        R_s = cancel((cos(angle_of_incidence)-\
+                I*sqrt(sin(angle_of_incidence)**2 - n**2))\
+                /(cos(angle_of_incidence)+\
+                I*sqrt(sin(angle_of_incidence)**2 - n**2)))
+        R_p = cancel((n**2*cos(angle_of_incidence)-\
+                I*sqrt(sin(angle_of_incidence)**2 - n**2))\
+                /(n**2*cos(angle_of_incidence)+\
+                I*sqrt(sin(angle_of_incidence)**2 - n**2)))
+        return [R_p, R_s]
+
+
+def deviation(incident, medium1, medium2, normal=None, plane=None):
+    """
+    This function calculates the angle of deviation of a ray
+    due to refraction at planar surface.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    incident : Matrix, Ray3D, sequence or float
+        Incident vector or angle of incidence
+    medium1 : sympy.physics.optics.medium.Medium or sympifiable
+        Medium 1 or its refractive index
+    medium2 : sympy.physics.optics.medium.Medium or sympifiable
+        Medium 2 or its refractive index
+    normal : Matrix, Ray3D, or sequence
+        Normal vector
+    plane : Plane
+        Plane of separation of the two media.
+
+    Returns angular deviation between incident and refracted rays
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics import deviation
+    >>> from sympy.geometry import Point3D, Ray3D, Plane
+    >>> from sympy.matrices import Matrix
+    >>> from sympy import symbols
+    >>> n1, n2 = symbols('n1, n2')
+    >>> n = Matrix([0, 0, 1])
+    >>> P = Plane(Point3D(0, 0, 0), normal_vector=[0, 0, 1])
+    >>> r1 = Ray3D(Point3D(-1, -1, 1), Point3D(0, 0, 0))
+    >>> deviation(r1, 1, 1, n)
+    0
+    >>> deviation(r1, n1, n2, plane=P)
+    -acos(-sqrt(-2*n1**2/(3*n2**2) + 1)) + acos(-sqrt(3)/3)
+    >>> round(deviation(0.1, 1.2, 1.5), 5)
+    -0.02005
+    """
+    refracted = refraction_angle(incident,
+                                 medium1,
+                                 medium2,
+                                 normal=normal,
+                                 plane=plane)
+    try:
+        angle_of_incidence = Float(incident)
+    except TypeError:
+        angle_of_incidence = None
+
+    if angle_of_incidence is not None:
+        return float(refracted) - angle_of_incidence
+
+    if refracted != 0:
+        if isinstance(refracted, Ray3D):
+            refracted = Matrix(refracted.direction_ratio)
+
+        if not isinstance(incident, Matrix):
+            if is_sequence(incident):
+                _incident = Matrix(incident)
+            elif isinstance(incident, Ray3D):
+                _incident = Matrix(incident.direction_ratio)
+            else:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "incident should be a Matrix, Ray3D, or sequence")
+        else:
+            _incident = incident
+
+        if plane is None:
+            if not isinstance(normal, Matrix):
+                if is_sequence(normal):
+                    _normal = Matrix(normal)
+                elif isinstance(normal, Ray3D):
+                    _normal = Matrix(normal.direction_ratio)
+                else:
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        "normal should be a Matrix, Ray3D, or sequence")
+            else:
+                _normal = normal
+        else:
+            _normal = Matrix(plane.normal_vector)
+
+        mag_incident = sqrt(sum(i**2 for i in _incident))
+        mag_normal = sqrt(sum(i**2 for i in _normal))
+        mag_refracted = sqrt(sum(i**2 for i in refracted))
+        _incident /= mag_incident
+        _normal /= mag_normal
+        refracted /= mag_refracted
+        i = acos(_incident.dot(_normal))
+        r = acos(refracted.dot(_normal))
+        return i - r
+
+
+def brewster_angle(medium1, medium2):
+    """
+    This function calculates the Brewster's angle of incidence to Medium 2 from
+    Medium 1 in radians.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    medium 1 : Medium or sympifiable
+        Refractive index of Medium 1
+    medium 2 : Medium or sympifiable
+        Refractive index of Medium 1
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics import brewster_angle
+    >>> brewster_angle(1, 1.33)
+    0.926093295503462
+
+    """
+
+    n1 = refractive_index_of_medium(medium1)
+    n2 = refractive_index_of_medium(medium2)
+
+    return atan2(n2, n1)
+
+def critical_angle(medium1, medium2):
+    """
+    This function calculates the critical angle of incidence (marking the onset
+    of total internal) to Medium 2 from Medium 1 in radians.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    medium 1 : Medium or sympifiable
+        Refractive index of Medium 1.
+    medium 2 : Medium or sympifiable
+        Refractive index of Medium 1.
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics import critical_angle
+    >>> critical_angle(1.33, 1)
+    0.850908514477849
+
+    """
+
+    n1 = refractive_index_of_medium(medium1)
+    n2 = refractive_index_of_medium(medium2)
+
+    if n2 > n1:
+        raise ValueError('Total internal reflection impossible for n1 < n2')
+    else:
+        return asin(n2/n1)
+
+
+
+def lens_makers_formula(n_lens, n_surr, r1, r2, d=0):
+    """
+    This function calculates focal length of a lens.
+    It follows cartesian sign convention.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    n_lens : Medium or sympifiable
+        Index of refraction of lens.
+    n_surr : Medium or sympifiable
+        Index of reflection of surrounding.
+    r1 : sympifiable
+        Radius of curvature of first surface.
+    r2 : sympifiable
+        Radius of curvature of second surface.
+    d : sympifiable, optional
+        Thickness of lens, default value is 0.
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics import lens_makers_formula
+    >>> from sympy import S
+    >>> lens_makers_formula(1.33, 1, 10, -10)
+    15.1515151515151
+    >>> lens_makers_formula(1.2, 1, 10, S.Infinity)
+    50.0000000000000
+    >>> lens_makers_formula(1.33, 1, 10, -10, d=1)
+    15.3418463277618
+
+    """
+
+    if isinstance(n_lens, Medium):
+        n_lens = n_lens.refractive_index
+    else:
+        n_lens = sympify(n_lens)
+    if isinstance(n_surr, Medium):
+        n_surr = n_surr.refractive_index
+    else:
+        n_surr = sympify(n_surr)
+    d = sympify(d)
+
+    focal_length = 1/((n_lens - n_surr) / n_surr*(1/r1 - 1/r2 + (((n_lens - n_surr) * d) / (n_lens * r1 * r2))))
+
+    if focal_length == zoo:
+        return S.Infinity
+    return focal_length
+
+
+def mirror_formula(focal_length=None, u=None, v=None):
+    """
+    This function provides one of the three parameters
+    when two of them are supplied.
+    This is valid only for paraxial rays.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    focal_length : sympifiable
+        Focal length of the mirror.
+    u : sympifiable
+        Distance of object from the pole on
+        the principal axis.
+    v : sympifiable
+        Distance of the image from the pole
+        on the principal axis.
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics import mirror_formula
+    >>> from sympy.abc import f, u, v
+    >>> mirror_formula(focal_length=f, u=u)
+    f*u/(-f + u)
+    >>> mirror_formula(focal_length=f, v=v)
+    f*v/(-f + v)
+    >>> mirror_formula(u=u, v=v)
+    u*v/(u + v)
+
+    """
+    if focal_length and u and v:
+        raise ValueError("Please provide only two parameters")
+
+    focal_length = sympify(focal_length)
+    u = sympify(u)
+    v = sympify(v)
+    if u is oo:
+        _u = Symbol('u')
+    if v is oo:
+        _v = Symbol('v')
+    if focal_length is oo:
+        _f = Symbol('f')
+    if focal_length is None:
+        if u is oo and v is oo:
+            return Limit(Limit(_v*_u/(_v + _u), _u, oo), _v, oo).doit()
+        if u is oo:
+            return Limit(v*_u/(v + _u), _u, oo).doit()
+        if v is oo:
+            return Limit(_v*u/(_v + u), _v, oo).doit()
+        return v*u/(v + u)
+    if u is None:
+        if v is oo and focal_length is oo:
+            return Limit(Limit(_v*_f/(_v - _f), _v, oo), _f, oo).doit()
+        if v is oo:
+            return Limit(_v*focal_length/(_v - focal_length), _v, oo).doit()
+        if focal_length is oo:
+            return Limit(v*_f/(v - _f), _f, oo).doit()
+        return v*focal_length/(v - focal_length)
+    if v is None:
+        if u is oo and focal_length is oo:
+            return Limit(Limit(_u*_f/(_u - _f), _u, oo), _f, oo).doit()
+        if u is oo:
+            return Limit(_u*focal_length/(_u - focal_length), _u, oo).doit()
+        if focal_length is oo:
+            return Limit(u*_f/(u - _f), _f, oo).doit()
+        return u*focal_length/(u - focal_length)
+
+
+def lens_formula(focal_length=None, u=None, v=None):
+    """
+    This function provides one of the three parameters
+    when two of them are supplied.
+    This is valid only for paraxial rays.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    focal_length : sympifiable
+        Focal length of the mirror.
+    u : sympifiable
+        Distance of object from the optical center on
+        the principal axis.
+    v : sympifiable
+        Distance of the image from the optical center
+        on the principal axis.
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics import lens_formula
+    >>> from sympy.abc import f, u, v
+    >>> lens_formula(focal_length=f, u=u)
+    f*u/(f + u)
+    >>> lens_formula(focal_length=f, v=v)
+    f*v/(f - v)
+    >>> lens_formula(u=u, v=v)
+    u*v/(u - v)
+
+    """
+    if focal_length and u and v:
+        raise ValueError("Please provide only two parameters")
+
+    focal_length = sympify(focal_length)
+    u = sympify(u)
+    v = sympify(v)
+    if u is oo:
+        _u = Symbol('u')
+    if v is oo:
+        _v = Symbol('v')
+    if focal_length is oo:
+        _f = Symbol('f')
+    if focal_length is None:
+        if u is oo and v is oo:
+            return Limit(Limit(_v*_u/(_u - _v), _u, oo), _v, oo).doit()
+        if u is oo:
+            return Limit(v*_u/(_u - v), _u, oo).doit()
+        if v is oo:
+            return Limit(_v*u/(u - _v), _v, oo).doit()
+        return v*u/(u - v)
+    if u is None:
+        if v is oo and focal_length is oo:
+            return Limit(Limit(_v*_f/(_f - _v), _v, oo), _f, oo).doit()
+        if v is oo:
+            return Limit(_v*focal_length/(focal_length - _v), _v, oo).doit()
+        if focal_length is oo:
+            return Limit(v*_f/(_f - v), _f, oo).doit()
+        return v*focal_length/(focal_length - v)
+    if v is None:
+        if u is oo and focal_length is oo:
+            return Limit(Limit(_u*_f/(_u + _f), _u, oo), _f, oo).doit()
+        if u is oo:
+            return Limit(_u*focal_length/(_u + focal_length), _u, oo).doit()
+        if focal_length is oo:
+            return Limit(u*_f/(u + _f), _f, oo).doit()
+        return u*focal_length/(u + focal_length)
+
+def hyperfocal_distance(f, N, c):
+    """
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    f: sympifiable
+        Focal length of a given lens.
+
+    N: sympifiable
+        F-number of a given lens.
+
+    c: sympifiable
+        Circle of Confusion (CoC) of a given image format.
+
+    Example
+    =======
+
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics import hyperfocal_distance
+    >>> round(hyperfocal_distance(f = 0.5, N = 8, c = 0.0033), 2)
+    9.47
+    """
+
+    f = sympify(f)
+    N = sympify(N)
+    c = sympify(c)
+
+    return (1/(N * c))*(f**2)
+
+def transverse_magnification(si, so):
+    """
+
+    Calculates the transverse magnification upon reflection in a mirror,
+    which is the ratio of the image size to the object size.
+
+    Parameters
+    ==========
+
+    so: sympifiable
+        Lens-object distance.
+
+    si: sympifiable
+        Lens-image distance.
+
+    Example
+    =======
+
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics import transverse_magnification
+    >>> transverse_magnification(30, 15)
+    -2
+
+    """
+
+    si = sympify(si)
+    so = sympify(so)
+
+    return (-(si/so))

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sympy/physics/optics/waves.py

@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+"""
+This module has all the classes and functions related to waves in optics.
+
+**Contains**
+
+* TWave
+"""
+
+__all__ = ['TWave']
+
+from sympy.core.basic import Basic
+from sympy.core.expr import Expr
+from sympy.core.function import Derivative, Function
+from sympy.core.numbers import (Number, pi, I)
+from sympy.core.singleton import S
+from sympy.core.symbol import (Symbol, symbols)
+from sympy.core.sympify import _sympify, sympify
+from sympy.functions.elementary.exponential import exp
+from sympy.functions.elementary.miscellaneous import sqrt
+from sympy.functions.elementary.trigonometric import (atan2, cos, sin)
+from sympy.physics.units import speed_of_light, meter, second
+
+
+c = speed_of_light.convert_to(meter/second)
+
+
+class TWave(Expr):
+
+    r"""
+    This is a simple transverse sine wave travelling in a one-dimensional space.
+    Basic properties are required at the time of creation of the object,
+    but they can be changed later with respective methods provided.
+
+    Explanation
+    ===========
+
+    It is represented as :math:`A \times cos(k*x - \omega \times t + \phi )`,
+    where :math:`A` is the amplitude, :math:`\omega` is the angular frequency,
+    :math:`k` is the wavenumber (spatial frequency), :math:`x` is a spatial variable
+    to represent the position on the dimension on which the wave propagates,
+    and :math:`\phi` is the phase angle of the wave.
+
+
+    Arguments
+    =========
+
+    amplitude : Sympifyable
+        Amplitude of the wave.
+    frequency : Sympifyable
+        Frequency of the wave.
+    phase : Sympifyable
+        Phase angle of the wave.
+    time_period : Sympifyable
+        Time period of the wave.
+    n : Sympifyable
+        Refractive index of the medium.
+
+    Raises
+    =======
+
+    ValueError : When neither frequency nor time period is provided
+        or they are not consistent.
+    TypeError : When anything other than TWave objects is added.
+
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    >>> from sympy import symbols
+    >>> from sympy.physics.optics import TWave
+    >>> A1, phi1, A2, phi2, f = symbols('A1, phi1, A2, phi2, f')
+    >>> w1 = TWave(A1, f, phi1)
+    >>> w2 = TWave(A2, f, phi2)
+    >>> w3 = w1 + w2  # Superposition of two waves
+    >>> w3
+    TWave(sqrt(A1**2 + 2*A1*A2*cos(phi1 - phi2) + A2**2), f,
+        atan2(A1*sin(phi1) + A2*sin(phi2), A1*cos(phi1) + A2*cos(phi2)), 1/f, n)
+    >>> w3.amplitude
+    sqrt(A1**2 + 2*A1*A2*cos(phi1 - phi2) + A2**2)
+    >>> w3.phase
+    atan2(A1*sin(phi1) + A2*sin(phi2), A1*cos(phi1) + A2*cos(phi2))
+    >>> w3.speed
+    299792458*meter/(second*n)
+    >>> w3.angular_velocity
+    2*pi*f
+
+    """
+
+    def __new__(
+            cls,
+            amplitude,
+            frequency=None,
+            phase=S.Zero,
+            time_period=None,
+            n=Symbol('n')):
+        if time_period is not None:
+            time_period = _sympify(time_period)
+            _frequency = S.One/time_period
+        if frequency is not None:
+            frequency = _sympify(frequency)
+            _time_period = S.One/frequency
+            if time_period is not None:
+                if frequency != S.One/time_period:
+                    raise ValueError("frequency and time_period should be consistent.")
+        if frequency is None and time_period is None:
+            raise ValueError("Either frequency or time period is needed.")
+        if frequency is None:
+            frequency = _frequency
+        if time_period is None:
+            time_period = _time_period
+
+        amplitude = _sympify(amplitude)
+        phase = _sympify(phase)
+        n = sympify(n)
+        obj = Basic.__new__(cls, amplitude, frequency, phase, time_period, n)
+        return obj
+
+    @property
+    def amplitude(self):
+        """
+        Returns the amplitude of the wave.
+
+        Examples
+        ========
+
+        >>> from sympy import symbols
+        >>> from sympy.physics.optics import TWave
+        >>> A, phi, f = symbols('A, phi, f')
+        >>> w = TWave(A, f, phi)
+        >>> w.amplitude
+        A
+        """
+        return self.args[0]
+
+    @property
+    def frequency(self):
+        """
+        Returns the frequency of the wave,
+        in cycles per second.
+
+        Examples
+        ========
+
+        >>> from sympy import symbols
+        >>> from sympy.physics.optics import TWave
+        >>> A, phi, f = symbols('A, phi, f')
+        >>> w = TWave(A, f, phi)
+        >>> w.frequency
+        f
+        """
+        return self.args[1]
+
+    @property
+    def phase(self):
+        """
+        Returns the phase angle of the wave,
+        in radians.
+
+        Examples
+        ========
+
+        >>> from sympy import symbols
+        >>> from sympy.physics.optics import TWave
+        >>> A, phi, f = symbols('A, phi, f')
+        >>> w = TWave(A, f, phi)
+        >>> w.phase
+        phi
+        """
+        return self.args[2]
+
+    @property
+    def time_period(self):
+        """
+        Returns the temporal period of the wave,
+        in seconds per cycle.
+
+        Examples
+        ========
+
+        >>> from sympy import symbols
+        >>> from sympy.physics.optics import TWave
+        >>> A, phi, f = symbols('A, phi, f')
+        >>> w = TWave(A, f, phi)
+        >>> w.time_period
+        1/f
+        """
+        return self.args[3]
+
+    @property
+    def n(self):
+        """
+        Returns the refractive index of the medium
+        """
+        return self.args[4]
+
+    @property
+    def wavelength(self):
+        """
+        Returns the wavelength (spatial period) of the wave,
+        in meters per cycle.
+        It depends on the medium of the wave.
+
+        Examples
+        ========
+
+        >>> from sympy import symbols
+        >>> from sympy.physics.optics import TWave
+        >>> A, phi, f = symbols('A, phi, f')
+        >>> w = TWave(A, f, phi)
+        >>> w.wavelength
+        299792458*meter/(second*f*n)
+        """
+        return c/(self.frequency*self.n)
+
+
+    @property
+    def speed(self):
+        """
+        Returns the propagation speed of the wave,
+        in meters per second.
+        It is dependent on the propagation medium.
+
+        Examples
+        ========
+
+        >>> from sympy import symbols
+        >>> from sympy.physics.optics import TWave
+        >>> A, phi, f = symbols('A, phi, f')
+        >>> w = TWave(A, f, phi)
+        >>> w.speed
+        299792458*meter/(second*n)
+        """
+        return self.wavelength*self.frequency
+
+    @property
+    def angular_velocity(self):
+        """
+        Returns the angular velocity of the wave,
+        in radians per second.
+
+        Examples
+        ========
+
+        >>> from sympy import symbols
+        >>> from sympy.physics.optics import TWave
+        >>> A, phi, f = symbols('A, phi, f')
+        >>> w = TWave(A, f, phi)
+        >>> w.angular_velocity
+        2*pi*f
+        """
+        return 2*pi*self.frequency
+
+    @property
+    def wavenumber(self):
+        """
+        Returns the wavenumber of the wave,
+        in radians per meter.
+
+        Examples
+        ========
+
+        >>> from sympy import symbols
+        >>> from sympy.physics.optics import TWave
+        >>> A, phi, f = symbols('A, phi, f')
+        >>> w = TWave(A, f, phi)
+        >>> w.wavenumber
+        pi*second*f*n/(149896229*meter)
+        """
+        return 2*pi/self.wavelength
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        """String representation of a TWave."""
+        from sympy.printing import sstr
+        return type(self).__name__ + sstr(self.args)
+
+    __repr__ = __str__
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        """
+        Addition of two waves will result in their superposition.
+        The type of interference will depend on their phase angles.
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, TWave):
+            if self.frequency == other.frequency and self.wavelength == other.wavelength:
+                return TWave(sqrt(self.amplitude**2 + other.amplitude**2 + 2 *
+                                  self.amplitude*other.amplitude*cos(
+                                      self.phase - other.phase)),
+                             self.frequency,
+                             atan2(self.amplitude*sin(self.phase)
+                             + other.amplitude*sin(other.phase),
+                             self.amplitude*cos(self.phase)
+                             + other.amplitude*cos(other.phase))
+                             )
+            else:
+                raise NotImplementedError("Interference of waves with different frequencies"
+                    " has not been implemented.")
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(type(other).__name__ + " and TWave objects cannot be added.")
+
+    def __mul__(self, other):
+        """
+        Multiplying a wave by a scalar rescales the amplitude of the wave.
+        """
+        other = sympify(other)
+        if isinstance(other, Number):
+            return TWave(self.amplitude*other, *self.args[1:])
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(type(other).__name__ + " and TWave objects cannot be multiplied.")
+
+    def __sub__(self, other):
+        return self.__add__(-1*other)
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        return self.__mul__(-1)
+
+    def __radd__(self, other):
+        return self.__add__(other)
+
+    def __rmul__(self, other):
+        return self.__mul__(other)
+
+    def __rsub__(self, other):
+        return (-self).__radd__(other)
+
+    def _eval_rewrite_as_sin(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return self.amplitude*sin(self.wavenumber*Symbol('x')
+            - self.angular_velocity*Symbol('t') + self.phase + pi/2, evaluate=False)
+
+    def _eval_rewrite_as_cos(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return self.amplitude*cos(self.wavenumber*Symbol('x')
+            - self.angular_velocity*Symbol('t') + self.phase)
+
+    def _eval_rewrite_as_pde(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        mu, epsilon, x, t = symbols('mu, epsilon, x, t')
+        E = Function('E')
+        return Derivative(E(x, t), x, 2) + mu*epsilon*Derivative(E(x, t), t, 2)
+
+    def _eval_rewrite_as_exp(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return self.amplitude*exp(I*(self.wavenumber*Symbol('x')
+            - self.angular_velocity*Symbol('t') + self.phase))